{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:43:48Z","timestamp":1785426228069,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Institute of Human Morphology","award":["FURG-2025-0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FURG-2025-0031"]}]},{"award":["FURG-2025-0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FURG-2025-0031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042k8ng80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Helicon Ltd."},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01keyq725","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human olfactory bulb is a promising structure for the investigation of central nervous system disorders, including dementias of various etiologies. In Alzheimer\u2019s disease, anosmia is among the earliest clinical manifestations. Although olfactory disturbances have also been reported in schizophrenia, alterations within the olfactory system remain insufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the olfactory bulbs of patients with schizophrenia. Olfactory bulbs obtained from patients with schizophrenia (n = 23) and individuals without identified nervous system pathology (n = 23) were examined. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the immunoreactive area of myelin basic protein and a significant increase in the immunoreactive area of glial fibrillary acidic protein compared with the control group. In addition, the thickness of the layer of incoming olfactory nerve fibers was significantly reduced in the schizophrenia group. Overall, our findings demonstrate neuroglial alterations in the human olfactory bulb in schizophrenia. Together with observations from other brain regions, these results may indicate that the identified changes are systemic rather than localized in nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:03:56Z","timestamp":1782349436000},"page":"1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuroglia Alterations in the Olfactory Bulbs in Patients with Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Postmortem Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8047-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artyom","family":"Malkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Medical and Biological Physics Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0515-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Proshchina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Krivova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1163-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kharlamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Godovalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Gulimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Saveliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSBSI \u201cPetrovsky National Research Center of Surgery\u201d, 3 Tsyurupy, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2023","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Anosmia","volume":"103","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.12.005","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Olfactory Centres in Human Ontogeny","volume":"190","author":"Kharlamova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagayama, S., Homma, R., and Imamura, F. (2014). Neuronal Organization of Olfactory Bulb Circuits. Front. Neural Circuits, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00098"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903330405","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Analyses of the Human Olfactory Bulb","volume":"333","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91116.2008","article-title":"Two GABAergic Intraglomerular Circuits Differentially Regulate Tonic and Phasic Presynaptic Inhibition of Olfactory Nerve Terminals","volume":"101","author":"Shao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20440","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors in Mitral and Tufted Cells of the Rat Main Olfactory Bulb","volume":"484","author":"Panzanelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.9.2.305","article-title":"The Neuron Types of the Glomerular Layer of the Olfactory Bulb","volume":"9","author":"Pinching","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devbrainres.2004.03.021","article-title":"Evidence of Newly Generated Neurons in the Human Olfactory Bulb","volume":"151","author":"Parent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11586","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules180911586","article-title":"Plasticity of the Human Olfactory System: The Olfactory Bulb","volume":"18","author":"Huart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.005","article-title":"Human Adult Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis? Novelty Is the Best Policy","volume":"74","author":"Macklis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.030","article-title":"The Age of Olfactory Bulb Neurons in Humans","volume":"74","author":"Bergmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2211326119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211326119","article-title":"Wasteosomes (Corpora Amylacea) as a Hallmark of Chronic Glymphatic Insufficiency","volume":"119","author":"Riba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.04.022","article-title":"Characterization of Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli in Schizophrenia","volume":"77","author":"Rioux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.9.829","article-title":"Dysregulation of Olfactory Receptor Neuron Lineage in Schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Arnold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.07.026","article-title":"Molecular Evidence for Decreased Synaptic Efficacy in the Postmortem Olfactory Bulb of Individuals with Schizophrenia","volume":"168","author":"Egbujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_390","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Evaluating Olfactory Abilities Across Species","volume":"63","author":"Cothren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae040","article-title":"Correlation Between Cortical Thickness Abnormalities of the Olfactory Sulcus and Olfactory Identification Disorder and Persistent Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Chinese Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm110","article-title":"Limbic Structures and Networks in Children and Adolescents with Schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01659-x","article-title":"Cellular Pathology in the Limbic System in Schizophrenia","volume":"273","author":"Schmitt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-025-00667-6","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Leucht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136065","article-title":"Brain Ventricular Volume Changes in Schizophrenia. A Narrative Review","volume":"759","author":"Svancer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02861-6","article-title":"Glial Cell Deficits Are a Key Feature of Schizophrenia: Implications for Neuronal Circuit Maintenance and Histological Differentiation from Classical Neurodegeneration","volume":"30","author":"Bernstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junemann, O., Otlyga, D., Bukreeva, I., and Saveliev, S. (2026). Age-Related Changes as the Primary Driver of Pineal Gland Involution\u2014A Morphological Study in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073093"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.7.890","article-title":"Evidence of Dysfunction of a Prefrontal-Limbic Network in Schizophrenia: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Study of Discordant Monozygotic Twins","volume":"149","author":"Weinberger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3181809f1e","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"19","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging TMRI"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(02)00023-8","article-title":"Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology in Schizophrenia","volume":"43","author":"Kasai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/1734","article-title":"Schizophrenia Susceptibility Loci on Chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21","volume":"20","author":"Blouin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.135","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of 32 Genome-Wide Linkage Studies of Schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08192","article-title":"Common Variants on Chromosome 6p22.1 Are Associated with Schizophrenia","volume":"460","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.1.199","article-title":"A Polygenic Theory of Schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Gottesman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Rao, D.I.V. (2026, April 05). Sanjai The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Schizophrenia. Available online: https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02138-4","article-title":"Incidence, Prevalence, and Global Burden of Schizophrenia\u2014Data, with Critical Appraisal, from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019","volume":"28","author":"Solmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.2332","article-title":"Semaglutide Treatment of Antipsychotic-Treated Patients With Schizophrenia, Prediabetes, and Obesity: The HISTORI Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"82","author":"Ganeshalingam","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyaf015","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf015","article-title":"From Theory to Therapy: Unlocking the Potential of Muscarinic Receptor Activation in Schizophrenia with the Dual M1\/M4 Muscarinic Receptor Agonist Xanomeline and Trospium Chloride and Insights from Clinical Trials","volume":"28","author":"Meyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116406","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Synthesis of 489 Studies Investigating Treatments for Negative Symptoms in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Trial Designs, Demographics and Clinical Characteristics","volume":"347","author":"Damiani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janicak, P., Marder, S., Tandon, R., and Goldman, M. (2014). Schizophrenia: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0656-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410377601","article-title":"Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Karlsgodt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wei, D.C., and Morrison, E.H. (2025). Histology, Astrocytes. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15004","article-title":"Astrocytes as Master Modulators of Neural Networks: Synaptic Functions and Disease-Associated Dysfunction of Astrocytes","volume":"1525","author":"Stogsdill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-016-9568-8","article-title":"Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP): On the 45th Anniversary of Its Discovery","volume":"48","author":"Tykhomyrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117471","article-title":"Biochemical Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"548","author":"Mugueta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750602100111","article-title":"The Corpus Callosum in Pick\u2019s Disease, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Gliosis Implies Possible Clinical Consequence","volume":"21","author":"Murray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac293","article-title":"\u2018Hippocampal Innate Inflammatory Gliosis Only\u2019 in Pharmacoresistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"146","author":"Grote","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.027","article-title":"Searching for Neuropathology: Gliosis in Schizophrenia","volume":"69","author":"Schnieder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02672-8","article-title":"Glial Cell Abnormalities in Major Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review of Postmortem Brain Studies","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.04.032","article-title":"Cortical Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Glutamine Synthetase Is Decreased in Schizophrenia","volume":"103","author":"Steffek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.90","article-title":"Postmortem Evidence of Cerebral Inflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Hopperton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90144-8","article-title":"Quantitative Study of Gliosis in Schizophrenia and Huntington\u2019s Chorea","volume":"24","author":"Stevens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414531078","article-title":"Increased Expression of Astrocyte Markers in Schizophrenia: Association with Neuroinflammation","volume":"48","author":"Catts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.05.067","article-title":"Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Glutamine Synthetase in Subregions of Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia and Mood Disorder","volume":"404","author":"Toro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1999.00162.x","article-title":"No Evidence for Astrogliosis in Brains of Schizophrenic Patients. A Post-Mortem Study","volume":"25","author":"Falkai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00529-9","article-title":"A Quantitative Immunohistochemical Study of Astrocytes in the Entorhinal Cortex in Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression: Absence of Significant Astrocytosis","volume":"55","author":"Damadzic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00181-6","article-title":"Oligodendroglial Density in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: A Study from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium","volume":"67","author":"Uranova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11007","article-title":"Glycolytic Oligodendrocytes Maintain Myelin and Long-Term Axonal Integrity","volume":"485","author":"Supplie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-061853","article-title":"Myelin Plasticity and Nervous System Function","volume":"41","author":"Monje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134594","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes Upregulate Blood-Brain Barrier Function through Mechanisms Other than the PDGF-BB\/PDGFR\u03b1 Pathway in the Barrier-Tightening Effect of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells","volume":"715","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2019-0020","article-title":"Perineuronal Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease: The Journey so Far","volume":"31","author":"Bernstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, S., Gritti, L., Crooks, D., and Dombrowski, Y. (2019). Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111424"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-023-02150-x","article-title":"Evaluating Gene Expression and Methylation Profiles of TCF4, MBP, and EGR1 in Peripheral Blood of Drug-Free Patients with Schizophrenia: Correlations with Psychopathology, Intelligence, and Cognitive Impairment","volume":"73","author":"Yazarlou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci. MN"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8986521","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8986521","article-title":"Igg-Dependent Hydrolysis of Myelin Basic Protein of Patients with Different Courses of Schizophrenia","volume":"2020","author":"Parshukova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamaeva, D.A., Kazantseva, D.V., Boiko, A.S., Mednova, I.A., Smirnova, L.P., Kornetova, E.G., and Ivanova, S.A. (2023). The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Activity of Abzymes Targeting Myelin and Levels of Inflammation Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041179"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12471","article-title":"Correlation between Myelin Basic Protein Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Motor Speed in Patients with Schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Enokida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv157","article-title":"Decreased Oligodendrocyte and Neuron Number in Anterior Hippocampal Areas and the Entire Hippocampus in Schizophrenia: A Stereological Postmortem Study","volume":"42","author":"Falkai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, A., Tatsch, L., Vollhardt, A., Schneider-Axmann, T., Raabe, F.J., Roell, L., Heinsen, H., Hof, P.R., Falkai, P., and Schmitz, C. (2022). Decreased Oligodendrocyte Number in Hippocampal Subfield CA4 in Schizophrenia: A Replication Study. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11203242"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.035","article-title":"Glial Cells as Key Players in Schizophrenia Pathology: Recent Insights and Concepts of Therapy","volume":"161","author":"Bernstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro2023123011103","article-title":"Reduced numerical density of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte clusters in the head of the caudate nucleus in schizophrenia","volume":"123","author":"Kolomeets","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S. S. Korsakova"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30302-5","article-title":"Glial Cells in Schizophrenia: A Unified Hypothesis","volume":"7","author":"Dietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2026, March 06). Fiji. Available online: https:\/\/imagej.github.io\/software\/fiji\/index."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90864-J","article-title":"Age-Related Gliosis in the White Matter of Mice","volume":"609","author":"Bronson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19981001)43:1<24::AID-JEMT4>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Glial Reaction in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"43","author":"Unger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.17816\/morph.634895","article-title":"Morphologic features of synaptic structures associated with human cortical amyloid plaques","volume":"162","author":"Guselnikova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Morphology"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Squire, L.R. (2009). Astrocyte: Identification Methods. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2026, April 03). Olfactory Ensheathing Cell\u2014An Overview|ScienceDirect Topics. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/olfactory-ensheathing-cell."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00542-5","article-title":"White Matter Lipidome Alterations in the Schizophrenia Brain","volume":"10","author":"Senko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00237-3","article-title":"Loss and Altered Spatial Distribution of Oligodendrocytes in the Superior Frontal Gyrus in Schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Hof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv072","article-title":"The Rate of Age-Related Olfactory Decline Among the General Population of Older U.S. Adults","volume":"70","author":"Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziuzia-Januszewska, L., and Januszewski, M. (2022). Pathogenesis of Olfactory Disorders in COVID-19. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040449"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105915","article-title":"Chemotherapy Promotes Astrocytic Response to A\u03b2 Deposition, but Not A\u03b2 Levels, in a Mouse Model of Amyloid and APOE","volume":"175","author":"Ng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.09.010","article-title":"Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Impairments: White Matter Pathologies","volume":"61","author":"Matsos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.11.023","article-title":"Chronic Systemic IL-1\u03b2 Exacerbates Central Neuroinflammation Independently of the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity","volume":"278","author":"Murta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.08.018","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Antipsychotic Exposure on Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Numbers in Macaque Monkeys","volume":"63","author":"Konopaske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.024","article-title":"Increased Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Prefrontal Cortex in Psychotic Illness","volume":"150","author":"Feresten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.08.004","article-title":"Antipsychotics Promote the Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells by Regulating Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription Factors 1 and 2","volume":"93","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/7\/1053\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:43:45Z","timestamp":1782351825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/7\/1053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life16071053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16071053","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]}}}