{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:23:13Z","timestamp":1785424993738,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science, Research, and Innovation Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004508","name":"Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PHA6801103S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHA6801103S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PHA6801103S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHA6801103S"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575ycz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Prince of Songkla University under the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, Thailand"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0575ycz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study highlights the therapeutic innovation potential of bioactive plant extracts derived from the selected Thai Rejuvenation Remedy 2 (TRJ 2) for antidiabetic applications. By integrating phytochemical profiling with in vitro \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition assays and in silico analyses, including molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT), a comprehensive evaluation of the extract\u2019s bioactivity and mechanistic basis was achieved. The findings demonstrate that both the relative abundance and chemical reactivity of constituent compounds contribute to the overall inhibitory effect through synergistic and competitive interactions. Piperine was identified as a potential bioactive metabolite, with a theoretically strong binding affinity and high reactivity toward the target enzyme. Among the tested extracts, the 80% ethanol extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 34.32 \u00b5g\/mL), underscoring the importance of extraction optimization for maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, formulation of the extract with cyclodextrin significantly enhanced solubility and improved pharmaceutical characteristics, meeting the quality requirements of the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia (THP). However, the detection of cadmium slightly above permissible levels indicates the need for stricter raw material quality control. Overall, TRJ 2 represents a promising source of bioactive plant-derived compounds and a viable candidate for development into innovative, ready-to-use herbal therapeutics for diabetes management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:54:42Z","timestamp":1782694482000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Innovation from Plant-Derived Thai Herbal Extracts: \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity, Mechanistic Insights and Formulation Potential of the Selected Thai Rejuvenation Remedy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Suthinee","family":"Sangkanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla   90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1159-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanet","family":"Pitakbut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Evolution and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Thai Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Thaksin University, Phatthalung 93210, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chotika","family":"Buekhuntod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla   90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3690-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sathianpong","family":"Phoopha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla   90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiraporn","family":"Khanansuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla   90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandee","family":"Udomuksorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla  90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasemsiri","family":"Chandarajoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla   90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8354-3080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukanya","family":"Dej-adisai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla   90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruins, M.J., Van Dael, P., and Eggersdorfer, M. 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