{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:16:39Z","timestamp":1783523799256,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radioguided surgery has become a key component of contemporary breast cancer care, supporting less invasive approaches while maintaining oncologic safety. This narrative review summarizes current practice and recent developments in radioguided breast and axillary surgery, from established molecular imaging workflows to emerging three-dimensional and intraoperative technologies. Modern breast cancer management is increasingly shaped by tumor biology and the widespread use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy, which is transforming surgical decision-making and driving a shift toward personalized, patient-tailored pathways. In this context, radioguided techniques help maintain procedural accuracy despite therapy-induced changes in breast and nodal anatomy, enabling reliable lesion localization and targeted management of the axilla. We discuss sentinel lymph node strategies and de-escalation concepts, including targeted axillary dissection (TAD) after neoadjuvant therapy using marked nodes and selective removal approaches. We also review localization methods, including radioactive seed\u2013based techniques, and the expanding role of molecular imaging\u2013guided surgery to support intraoperative decision-making. Particular attention is paid to technologies aimed at improving surgical precision and margin assessment, including portable\/freehand SPECT concepts and intraoperative PET\/CT-based specimen imaging for immediate evaluation of excised tissue. Finally, we highlight how artificial intelligence and digital tools may enable workflow optimization, navigation, image interpretation, and decision support, accelerating the transition toward individualized treatment. Overall, integrating molecular information with real-time 3D guidance can help tailor breast and axillary management to each patient while reducing morbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:27:23Z","timestamp":1783520843000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radioguided Surgery and Axillary Management in Breast Cancer: From Molecular Imaging to 3D Navigation Toward Personalized Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4151-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Orozco Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6616-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Sabater","family":"Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Castillo","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira Buch","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgery Unit, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto Mu\u00f1oz","family":"Sornosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgery Unit, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente Lopez","family":"Flor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgery Unit, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Diaz","family":"Exposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitario y Polit\u00e9cnico La Fe, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa Fernanda","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina Sampol","family":"Bas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Carrera","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII, 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi Vidal","family":"Sicart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8755-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Miguel Cejalvo","family":"Andujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA, 46017 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-023-00566-4","article-title":"New devices in radioguided surgery","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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