{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:03:08Z","timestamp":1784253788809,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) contributes to oxidative and nitrosative stress in non-irradiated tissues following ionizing radiation (IR). This study investigated the protective effects of propolis and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against RIBE-mediated renal injury after total cranial irradiation in rats. Forty-eight male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were assigned to six groups: IR, IR + propolis, IR + CAPE, propolis control, CAPE control, and sham. A single 5 Gy cranial gamma irradiation was administered. Propolis (80 mg\/kg\/day, orally) and CAPE (10 \u03bcmol\/kg\/day, intraperitoneally) were given for 10 days. Renal antioxidant (SOD, GSH-Px, GST), oxidative (XO, MDA), and nitrosative (NOS, NO) parameters were evaluated. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were performed. IR significantly decreased SOD activity and increased XO, MDA, NOS, and NO levels. Both propolis and CAPE effectively reversed these alterations, with propolis showing a more pronounced effect on oxidative stress markers. GSH-Px and GST activities remained unchanged. The findings suggest that propolis and CAPE attenuated oxidative\/nitrosative changes in kidney tissue, consistent with a possible bystander-associated systemic response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:55:59Z","timestamp":1784249759000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Propolis and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Attenuate Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Rat Kidney Tissue After Cranial Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6613-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziz","family":"Bulut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oztekin","family":"Cikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1251-3148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyithan","family":"Taysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey"},{"name":"Phytotherapy and Medicinal-Aromatic Plants Application and Research Center, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, M., Podgorsak, A., Li, F., Zhou, Y., Jung, H., Yoon, J., Dona Lemus, O., and Zheng, D. 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