{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:03:07Z","timestamp":1784253787491,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pruritus is a common and burdensome symptom in inflammatory, autoimmune, and connective tissue skin diseases, significantly impairing quality of life, sleep, and psychological well-being. Pruritus arises from a complex interplay between skin barrier dysfunction, immune activation, and neuronal sensitization involving cytokines, alarmins, neuropeptides, and sensory pathways. Increasing evidence indicates that both biological sex and gender-related factors influence itch perception, severity, and clinical expression, although these differences remain insufficiently explored. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current evidence on sex- and gender-related differences in pruritus across dermatological diseases, with particular attention to the neuroimmune mechanisms underlying chronic itch. Available studies suggest that women more frequently report greater itch intensity, enhanced psychological burden, and higher impairment in daily activities and sleep, whereas men may exhibit different clinical and sensory profiles. However, findings remain heterogeneous because of methodological limitations, small cohorts, and the lack of standardized itch assessment tools. In addition to biological determinants, psychosocial and behavioral factors likely contribute to sex- and gender-specific differences in chronic pruritus. Overall, the available evidence highlights the need for more standardized and sex-informed research approaches to improve the understanding and management of pruritus in dermatological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:55:59Z","timestamp":1784249759000},"page":"1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex- and Gender-Related Differences in Pruritus in Dermatological Diseases: Insights into Inflammatory, Autoimmune, and Connective Tissue Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Verdelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Skin Diseases Unit, P.O. Piero Palagi, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, European Reference Network-Skin Member, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1701-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Magnatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5416-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Landini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0630-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Sanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1078-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Daher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3637-9845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8253-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Biancamaria","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0307-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ruffo di Calabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50125 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Corr\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Ospedale San Bartolo, 36100 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7471-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Caproni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Skin Diseases Unit, P.O. Piero Palagi, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, European Reference Network-Skin Member, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17166","article-title":"Itch\u2014The major symptom of skin disease and yet still enigmatic","volume":"35","author":"Ring","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9625936","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9625936","article-title":"Pruritus: Progress toward Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"2018","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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