{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:04:31Z","timestamp":1784696671259,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation research","award":["IP-06-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-06-2016"]}]},{"name":"unrestricted research grants from the Croatian Hypertension League"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DOK-2018-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2018-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007682","name":"School of Medicine University of Zagreb","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007682","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Croatian Institute of Public Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although significant progress has been made in reducing salt consumption over the past decade, most Croatian adults still exceed the recommended intake. This study aimed to identify demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with high salt intake in the general adult population of Croatia. We included a random sample of 1067 adults with reliable 24-h urine samples. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical data. Anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed. Laboratory analyses included the measurement of sodium, potassium, and creatinine in adequate 24-h urine samples, as well as relevant cardiometabolic and kidney-related biomarkers. Participants consuming &gt; 10 g\/day of salt were older and had higher systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, serum uric acid, and triglyceride levels, lower HDL cholesterol levels, and greater BMI. High salt intake was more common among men, ex-smokers, participants with diabetes, and those with lower socioeconomic status (SES). In multinomial logistic regression analysis, male sex, diabetes, higher systolic BP, more frequent processed meat consumption, lower fish consumption, residence outside the Adriatic region, and higher ePWV were associated with high salt intake. High salt intake was associated with lower socioeconomic status, residence in rural and continental areas, obesity, former smoking, and less favorable dietary patterns. Conversely, lower salt intake was associated with residence in the Adriatic region and dietary patterns characterized by more frequent consumption of fish and olive oil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of High Salt Intake in Croatian Adults: Evidence from 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in the EH-UH 2 Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Jelakovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Marinovi\u0107 Glavi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7446-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Stupin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Domislovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Center 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Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Belan\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3813-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matea","family":"Bilobrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje\u2014Gorski Kotar County, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7454-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bolje\u0161i\u0107 Duman\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Fu\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-4891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana","family":"Gellineo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3099-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Gross","family":"Bo\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-6484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Josipovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Hypertension League, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verica","family":"Kralj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja Kolari\u0107","family":"Kravar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Directorate for Livestock and Food Quality, 10000 Zagreb, 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