{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:46:21Z","timestamp":1785415581767,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP22786227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP22786227"]}]},{"award":["AP22786227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP22786227"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most significant complication of extreme prematurity, affecting long-term respiratory outcomes. Because current diagnostic criteria identify only established lesions at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, early non-invasive biomarkers are needed. This pilot study aimed to identify a candidate salivary miRNA panel associated with BPD risk and to explore its pathogenetic relevance through in silico analysis. Methods: Saliva was collected from 20 preterm infants (10 with BPD and 10 controls), and miRNA expression was profiled using the GeneChip\u2122 miRNA 4.1 Array Plate. Discriminatory performance was explored by ROC analysis within this discovery cohort, together with power and Spearman correlation analyses. Results: Expression of hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-let-7c-5p, and hsa-miR-4454 was significantly elevated in the BPD group (p &lt; 0.05, log2FC \u2265 1.0), with no significant correlation with gestational age or birth weight. Bootstrap-corrected AUC values ranged from 0.905 to 0.937 and were supported by leave-one-out cross-validation. All three miRNAs showed very large effect sizes exceeding the minimum detectable effect at 80% power. Conclusions: In this pilot study, salivary miRNAs represent a hypothesis-generating candidate biomarker signal for BPD that requires external validation in larger, independent cohorts before any diagnostic or prognostic application can be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1784630152000},"page":"1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Candidate Salivary miRNA Panel for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very and Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants: A Pilot Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arailym","family":"Abilbayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shortanbayev General Immunology Department, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmira","family":"Bitanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shortanbayev General Immunology Department, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4386-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskander","family":"Isgandarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibitgul","family":"Bizhigitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shortanbayev General Immunology Department, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1268-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinara","family":"Yelyubayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Highly Dependent Newborns, Center for Perinatology and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Kovaleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Centre, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3686-986X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanar","family":"Akhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Centre, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismira","family":"Gassanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pediatrics, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6251-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balaussa","family":"Seitkhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of General Medicine-2, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indira","family":"Baibolsynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aibek","family":"Smagul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences Pedagogy, School of Education and Humanities, SDU University, Kaskelen 040901, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuldyz","family":"Zhoshiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Planning, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7487-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishankul","family":"Bozhbanbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2024","article-title":"The evolving pathophysiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"106","author":"Ambalavanan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Physiol. 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