{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:03:08Z","timestamp":1785488588310,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with diverse healthcare-associated infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. This systematic review evaluated antimicrobial treatment regimens, clinical outcomes, and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) considerations in P. aeruginosa infections. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed\/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 2000 and March 2026. Data on antimicrobial therapies, clinical and microbiological outcomes, and PK\/PD parameters were extracted. Study quality was assessed using the NHLBI quality assessment tool. Narrative synthesis was performed for all eligible studies, and a quantitative meta-analysis was conducted for studies with standardized outcome data. Of the 982 records identified, 249 studies met the inclusion criteria, and 34 were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The evidence base was highly heterogeneous regarding study design, patient populations, infection types, and treatment regimens. Respiratory infections, particularly in cystic fibrosis patients, accounted for most studies. Quantitative synthesis showed no consistent superiority of any antimicrobial regimen (or combination of them), while treatment outcomes were influenced by infection characteristics, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and PK\/PD factors. No universally superior antimicrobial regimen was identified for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Some novel and promising treatment options have been identified, such as anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS monoclonal antibody panobacumab and inhaled Clostridium butyricum delivered via oxygen-driven nebulization. Two novel treatment modalities did not yield a clinically relevant effect, namely, the bispecific monoclonal antibody MEDI3902 (gremubamab) and the IC43 Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine. Treatment effectiveness appears to depend on clinical context, antimicrobial susceptibility, and PK\/PD considerations, highlighting the need for further standardized research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16081267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1785487601000},"page":"1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Therapies and Clinical Outcomes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvijus","family":"Abramavi\u010dius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Research Laboratory for Medicinal Products, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevi\u010diaus g. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Akramien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tashfeen","family":"Tashfeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4072-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dovil\u0117","family":"Abramavi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2210-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgaras","family":"Stankevi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Research Laboratory for Medicinal Products, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevi\u010diaus g. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767030-00003","article-title":"The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections","volume":"67","author":"Driscoll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradali, M.F., Ghods, S., and Rehm, B.H. (2017). Pseudomonas aeruginosa lifestyle: A paradigm for adaptation, survival, and persistence. Front. Cell. Infect. 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