{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:23:47Z","timestamp":1787304227744,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok, Poland","award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/003\/2206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/003\/2206"]}]},{"award":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/003\/2206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/1\/DN\/22\/003\/2206"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y4ya841","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The present study evaluated the association between plasma concentrations of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)\u2014bisphenol A (BPA), methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), 4-octylphenol (4-OP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and imazalil (IMZ)\u2014and prior coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) status. Methods: Plasma EDC levels were quantified via gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry in 262 voluntary blood donors (121 convalescents and 141 controls) at the Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine in Bialystok, Poland. Results: The cohort exhibited widespread environmental exposure to all selected EDCs (BPA: 1.14 ng\/mL, MeP: 1.20 ng\/mL, PrP: 1.38 ng\/mL, 4-NP: 1.90 ng\/mL, 4-OP: 0.57 ng\/mL, DEHP: 49.68 ng\/mL, IMZ: 20.06 ng\/mL). Convalescents had significantly higher concentrations of MeP, PrP, 4-OP, and 4-NP. Logistic regression revealed that MeP, PrP, and 4-NP were significantly associated with prior COVID-19 status, increasing infection odds by 80%, 70%, and 63%, respectively. While 4-OP was strongly associated with prior COVID-19 status (odds ratio &gt; 300 per unit change and 1.79 per 0.1 unit change), the wide confidence interval for the unit change estimate requires cautious interpretation. Conclusions: These findings suggest a strong link between selected paraben and alkylphenol exposure and prior COVID-19 status in blood donors. Additionally, the high IMZ levels highlight the need for urgent evaluation of its safety and environmental prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16081379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:01Z","timestamp":1787300041000},"page":"1379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and SARS-CoV-2 Infection History Among Blood Donors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7634-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"Ratajczak-Wrona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok,  15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4028-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bielawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Wrobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zebrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kierek","family":"Zofia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok,  15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok,  15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Radziwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok,  15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Matuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imago Sp. z o.o., 15-688 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Rudzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Chemoinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5150-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Miltyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Radziwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0235-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Pucelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukasiewicz Research Network, Krakow Institute of Technology, 30-418 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5383-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartlomiej","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SORNO Medical and Rehabilitation Center, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0935-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Wochynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Air Transport Safety, Polish Air Force University, 08-521 Deblin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Jablonska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok,  15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Colborn, T., and Clement, C. 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