{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:17:27Z","timestamp":1787822247488,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency FOREST (Fusion Oriented Research for disruptive Science and Technology) program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFR234G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR234G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JPMJFR234G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR234G"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00097mb19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K27997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K27997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K19617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K19617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26K18556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26K18556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009666","name":"Salt Science Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24C3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24C3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24C3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24C3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05th9sq46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vagal afferent stimulation exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects through neuroimmune pathways involving the sympathetic nervous system and spleen. However, how vagal afferent stimulation affects splenic responses and CellTrace-positive signals in inflamed tissues remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of vagal afferent electrical stimulation (aVNS) on splenic responses and acute lung inflammation induced by intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. As a preconditioning intervention, aVNS was applied to the right cervical vagus nerve 24 h before LPS administration. Pulmonary inflammation was evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Splenic responses were assessed by measuring spleen weight, and CellTrace-positive signals were evaluated following direct intrasplenic injection of CellTrace\u2122 Far Red. aVNS significantly reduced BALF TNF-\u03b1 levels (sham: 5443 \u00b1 404 pg\/mL, n = 5; aVNS: 2891 \u00b1 756 pg\/mL, n = 5) following LPS administration. In addition, aVNS reduced spleen weight 24 h after stimulation. Furthermore, the ratio of CellTrace Far Red-positive cells was significantly higher in the aVNS + LPS group than in the sham + LPS group (0.00504 \u00b1 0.00056 vs. 0.00151 \u00b1 0.00017, n = 4 per group). These findings indicate that vagal afferent stimulation reduces the BALF TNF-\u03b1 response to LPS and is associated with reduced spleen weight and increased CellTrace-positive objects detected in lung sections. These observations suggest that changes in splenic and immune-cell dynamics may accompany the anti-inflammatory effects of vagal afferent stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1787817747000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vagal Afferent Stimulation Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Inflammation in Association with Reduced Spleen Weight and Increased CellTrace-Positive Signals in the Lung"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuta","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Khatun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Shimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanaka","family":"Tameike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3856-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chikara","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70074","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70074","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): From mechanistic insights to therapeutic strategies","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066619855021","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Summary on Management","volume":"35","author":"Kaku","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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