{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:17:27Z","timestamp":1787822247036,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hangzhou Philosophy and Social Science Key Research Base, Research Center for the Study of Sports Events and Health Promotion, Hangzhou Normal University","award":["26JD060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26JD060"]}]},{"award":["26JD060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26JD060"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/014v1mr15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation (HD-tACS) on cognitive\u2013motor dual-task performance and upper-limb multi-joint motor control. Sixteen right-handed healthy male participants completed a double-blind, randomized crossover experiment involving active tACS and sham tACS conditions separated by a one-week washout interval. A 4 \u00d7 1 HD-tACS montage was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 5 Hz for 20 min. Participants performed a synchronous cognitive\u2013motor dual-task paradigm that combined an N-back working memory task with an upper-limb throwing task under different task difficulty levels. Task performance outcomes included accuracy, reaction time, release velocity, peak velocity, movement duration, and dual-task cost. Upper-limb motor control outcomes included elbow and wrist joint range of motion, peak angular velocity, and peak joint flexion and extension moments. Accuracy showed a significant Stimulation \u00d7 Time interaction. Under active stimulation, adjusted accuracy increased by 5.4 percentage points in N1 and 10.1 percentage points in N2, whereas the corresponding changes under sham stimulation were not significant. Reaction time, release velocity, peak velocity, and movement duration showed no significant stimulation-related changes. Release-velocity DTC also showed a significant Stimulation \u00d7 Time interaction across N1 and N2. Under active stimulation, the signed DTC shifted upward, indicating a smaller release-velocity decrement relative to N0. The task-specific follow-up was significant for N2 but not N1; however, the Stimulation \u00d7 Time \u00d7 Task interaction was not significant. Most upper-limb kinematic and kinetic outcomes showed no significant stimulation-related changes. Active HD-tACS was associated with higher accuracy and a favorable shift in release-velocity DTC, while most motor, kinematic, and kinetic outcomes were unchanged. The effects were limited to selected behavioral outcomes and did not differ significantly between N1 and N2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:02:27Z","timestamp":1787817747000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (HD-tACS) on Dual-Task Performance and Upper-Limb Multi-Joint Motor Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuling","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keyi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sports Technology Analysis and Skill Assessment, Xi\u2019an Physical Education University, General Administration of Sport, Xi\u2019an 710068, China"},{"name":"School of Sport and Health Science, Xi\u2019an Physical Education University, Xi\u2019an 710068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.013","article-title":"Neurocognitive, physiological, and biophysical effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Wischnewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. 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