{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:25:26Z","timestamp":1787923526860,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Sciences King Mihai I of Romania, Timisoara, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The case of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) stands as a prime example of an invasive plant that links global change, biological invasion, aeroallergen exposure, and allergic airway disease. However, evidence remains fragmented across invasion biology, aerobiology, molecular allergology, and respiratory medicine. By separating plant occurrence, pollen abundance, molecular allergen dose, sensitisation, and airway disease, this review develops an integrated invasion\u2013exposure\u2013disease logic for interpreting ragweed-related health risk. We examine how climate change, land-use disturbance, repeated introductions, rapid adaptation, and air pollution influence plant distribution, flowering phenology, pollen production, airborne allergen load, and respiratory outcomes. Attention is given to Amb a 1 as the principal marker of genuine ragweed sensitisation, cross-reactivity with Artemisia and other weed pollens, allergen-bearing respirable particles, and the diagnostic limitations of extract-based immunoglobulin E (IgE) testing. The literature indicates that ragweed sensitisation follows a pronounced hotspot\u2013gradient pattern in Europe, whereas patterns in other invaded regions remain more heterogeneous and incompletely characterised. Clinically relevant exposure depends not only on pollen concentration but also on airborne allergen load, pollen allergen potency, atmospheric transport, respirable particle fractions, meteorological conditions, and pollution. Ragweed-related airway disease is mediated by IgE-dependent type 2 immunity and amplified by epithelial danger signals, oxidative stress, protease activity, and innate immune pathways. Based on current evidence, we propose that an integrated surveillance framework linking plant distribution, pollen and airborne-allergen exposure, molecular sensitisation, symptoms, lung function, and asthma outcomes could strengthen risk forecasting, source attribution, prevention, and invasion control of the common ragweed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:27:46Z","timestamp":1787920066000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Common Ragweed Allergy Under Global Change Linking Invasion-Driven Aeroallergen Exposure with Molecular Sensitization and Allergic Airway Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6992-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alexandra","family":"Ferencz-Iepan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School \u201cEngineering of Vegetable and Animal Resources\u201d, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"\u0218tef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9506-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Florina","family":"Lele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School \u201cEngineering of Vegetable and Animal Resources\u201d, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9585-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florica Emilia","family":"Morariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolae","family":"Corcionivoschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 3, 050094 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McCleery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1171-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igori","family":"Balta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2157-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Pe\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J.K., del Mazo, J., Grasl-Kraupp, B., Hoogenboom, L., Leblanc, J.-C., and Nebbia, C.S. 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