{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:26:38Z","timestamp":1787923598567,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Critical swimming speed (CSS) is widely used to prescribe training and monitor endurance-related change, yet it is unclear whether its estimate varies with time of day when chronotype and relevant pre-trial conditions are considered. Purpose: To compare CSS at 09:00 h and 17:00 h in well-trained male swimmers with a homogeneous neither\/intermediate (N-type) chronotype. Methods: Sixteen well-trained male front-crawl swimmers (age 17 \u00b1 1 yr; height 1.78 \u00b1 0.03 m; body mass 69.18 \u00b1 4.56 kg; experience 11 \u00b1 2 yr; weekly swimming volume \u224845 km) completed morning and evening sessions in a randomised, counter-balanced order, separated by 48 h. Each session comprised a 50 m trial followed by a 400 m trial, from which CSS was calculated. Twenty-four-hour energy and carbohydrate intake, forehead skin temperature, resting and post-trial heart rate, the Hooper Index, and Borg CR-10 RPE were also assessed. Results: CSS, the pre-specified primary outcome, was significantly higher in the evening than in the morning (morning, 1.46 \u00b1 0.03; evening, 1.47 \u00b1 0.05 m\u00b7s\u22121; \u0394 = +0.68%; p = 0.045; d_av = 0.24). The 400 m time was significantly faster in the evening (morning, 265.98 \u00b1 6.25; evening, 264.37 \u00b1 8.07 s; \u0394 = \u22120.61%; p = 0.047), whereas the 50 m time did not differ (p = 0.380). Forehead skin temperature and resting heart rate were higher in the evening (both p &lt; 0.001); all other physiological, perceptual, well-being, and dietary comparisons were non-significant. Conclusions: A small evening increase in CSS, accompanied by faster 400 m performance, was observed in this homogeneous N-type cohort. The physiological measurements were concurrent observations and do not establish a mechanism. Standardising the time of day of repeated CSS assessment is recommended; larger, sex-balanced, and chronotype-diverse studies are needed before applying a numerical time-of-day correction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:27:46Z","timestamp":1787920066000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Time of Day on Critical Swimming Speed in Chronotype-Screened (Neither-Type) Well-Trained Male Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-5602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"Tuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, K\u0131rkp\u0131nar Faculty of Sport Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health, College of Health, Education, and Human Services, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435-0001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2199-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erkan","family":"G\u00fcnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45040 Manisa, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep Bozdo\u011fan","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Marmara University, 34815 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Ioan","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University \u201c1 Decembrie 1918\u201d of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8091-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Dergaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2214-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil \u0130brahim","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, 25240 Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Stroke-specific swimming critical speed testing: Balancing feasibility and scientific rigour","volume":"90","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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