{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:18:15Z","timestamp":1788499095161,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007329","name":"Universidad del Valle","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CI-UV 71406\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI-UV 71406\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CI-UV 71406\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI-UV 71406\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jb9vg53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CICIMAR IPN\u2014Universidad del Valle","award":["CI-UV 71364\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI-UV 71364\/2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"COLCIENCIAS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["647\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["647\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nursery habitats sustain fish populations by supporting early life stages and buffering environmental variability, yet their functioning under climate oscillations remains poorly understood in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. We analyzed ichthyoplankton assemblages in the Gulf of Tortugas, Colombia (2010\u20132020), to assess taxonomic composition, spatiotemporal variability, and environmental drivers. ENSO cycles and local oceanographic conditions were evaluated as determinants of nursery function and resilience using richness estimators, diversity indices, Caswell\u2019s neutral model, and multivariate approaches (PERMANOVA, PERMDISP, CAP, BIOENV). Assemblages were dominated by Cetengraulis mysticetus, with recurrent contributions from Sciaenidae, Haemulidae, Gerreidae, and Carangidae\u2014families of artisanal fisheries importance. ENSO phases explained interannual variability: El Ni\u00f1o years reduced diversity and weakened retention, whereas La Ni\u00f1a years supported more balanced assemblages. Spatial heterogeneity revealed central retention zones and peripheral diversity hotspots. Environmental gradients, particularly chlorophyll-a, zooplankton biomass, transparency, and pH, consistently structured larval distribution, reflecting the coupling of productivity, water quality, and circulation. These findings demonstrate that the Gulf of Tortugas functions as a dual nursery system and ecological node of resilience, underscoring the importance of protecting such habitats for ecosystem-based fisheries management and biodiversity conservation in a changing ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1788343372000},"page":"1468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resilient Seas: Environmental Drivers of Larval Fish Assemblages in the Gulf of Tortugas, Colombian Pacific"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Fernando C\u00f3rdoba","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Acad\u00e9mico de Doctorado en Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Gallego","family":"Zerrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"},{"name":"Programa Acad\u00e9mico de Doctorado en Ciencias Biolog\u00eda, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Acad\u00e9mico de Doctorado en Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"},{"name":"Programa Acad\u00e9mico de Doctorado en Ciencias Biolog\u00eda, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760032, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"El ictioplancton y la biomasa del zooplancton en aguas del sur de Galicia, en abril 1987","volume":"7","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fby045","article-title":"Early life history of fishes and zooplankton availability in a Neotropical floodplain: Predator\u2013prey functional relationships","volume":"41","author":"Bialetzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107867","article-title":"The key role of zooplankton in ecosystem services: A perspective of interaction between zooplankton and fish recruitment","volume":"129","author":"Lomartire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-021-01189-2","article-title":"Does structural change in the zooplankton community affect larval fish feeding in anthropogenically disturbed tropical waters?","volume":"105","author":"Quah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42966-0","article-title":"Anchovy boom and bust linked to trophic shifts in larval diet","volume":"14","author":"Swalethorp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1139\/f01-093","article-title":"Developing Baltic cod recruitment models. II. Incorporation of environmental variability and species interaction","volume":"58","author":"Hinrichsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01148.x","article-title":"From plankton to top predators: Bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels","volume":"75","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2010.00476.x","article-title":"The protozooplankton\u2013ichthyoplankton trophic link: An overlooked aspect of aquatic food webs","volume":"57","author":"Montagnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, H.J., Richardson, D.E., Marancik, K.E., and Hare, J.A. (2015). Long-term changes in the distributions of larval and adult fish in the northeast US shelf ecosystem. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137382"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2016-0008","article-title":"Modeling the spatial distribution of larval fish abundance provides essential information for management","volume":"74","author":"Kallasvuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez, P., Garcia, D., and Cotano, U. (2023). Investigating the applicability of ichthyoplanktonic indices in better understanding the dynamics of the northern stock of the population of Atlantic hake Merluccius merluccius (L.). Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8010050"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"375","article-title":"Factors contributing to variable recruitment of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in the California Current: Contrasting years, 1975 through 1978","volume":"178","author":"Lasker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rapp. Proc\u00e8s-Verbaux R\u00e9un. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02755947.2014.996687","article-title":"Using larval fish community structure to guide long-term monitoring of fish spawning activity","volume":"35","author":"Pritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2019.104761","article-title":"A multidisciplinary analytical framework to delineate spawning areas and quantify larval dispersal in coastal fish","volume":"151","author":"Legrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"101655","article-title":"An assessment of the larval fish diversity within a coastal marine reserve","volume":"43","author":"Guyah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Yu, J., Lin, Z., and Chen, P. (2023). Spatial\u2013temporal distribution of fish larvae in the Pearl River estuary based on habitat suitability index model. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040603"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Valencia, B., and Giraldo, A. (2008). Condiciones oceanogr\u00e1ficas en las localidades de La Mina (Punta Cruces) y El Acuario (Cabo Marzo), departamento del Choc\u00f3, zona norte de la costa Pac\u00edfica colombiana. Caracterizaci\u00f3n Ecol\u00f3gica de los Arrecifes Coralinos y Bosques de Manglar en Cabo Marzo, Zona Norte del Litoral Pac\u00edfico Colombiano: Estructura, Composici\u00f3n y Diversidad y Fauna Asociada, Universidad del Valle. Informe T\u00e9cnico Final."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in species composition and abundance of fish larvae from the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"CICIMAR Oce\u00e1nides"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/fog.12024","article-title":"Spawning site selection by European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in relation to oceanographic conditions in the Strait of Sicily","volume":"22","author":"Basilone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/fog.12005","article-title":"Characterizing the potential habitat of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus in the Mediterranean Sea at different life stages","volume":"22","author":"Giannoulaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/25.7.687","article-title":"Ichthyoplankton distribution as an indicator of hydrodynamic conditions of a lagoon system in the Mexican Caribbean","volume":"25","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2005.04.016","article-title":"Small-scale spatio-temporal variability in ichthyoplankton and zooplankton distribution in relation to a tidal-mixing front in the Irish Sea","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2012.09.005","article-title":"Nutrients and plankton spatial distributions induced by a coastal eddy in the Gulf of Lion: Insights from a numerical model","volume":"109","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2989\/1814232X.2014.899269","article-title":"Occurrence of larval fishes in a rocky shore-associated nursery area in temperate South Africa, with emphasis on temperature-related growth in dominant Sparidae","volume":"36","author":"Strydom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbi126","article-title":"Zooplankton and ichthyoplankton communities in a temperate estuary: Spatial and temporal patterns","volume":"28","author":"Marques","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7773\/cm.v39i1.2176","article-title":"Influencia de los factores ambientales en el desove de los esci\u00e9nidos en la zona costera de Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"39","author":"Militelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cienc. Mar."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"238","article-title":"Fluctuation in abundance of larval anchovy and environmental conditions in coastal waters off south-western Taiwan as associated with the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation","volume":"12","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Barreiro-G\u00fcemes, T., Meave del Castillo, M.E., Signoret Poillon, M., and Figueroa Torres, M.G. (2003). Estado del conocimiento del ictioplancton del Pac\u00edfico noroccidental mexicano. Planctolog\u00eda Mexicana, Sociedad Mexicana de Planctolog\u00eda A.C."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2004.05.021","article-title":"Fish larvae abundance and distribution in the central Gulf of California during strong environmental changes (1997\u20131998 El Ni\u00f1o and 1998\u20131999 La Ni\u00f1a)","volume":"51","author":"Shirasago","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"41","article-title":"Larval fish community structure along the west coast of Baja California during and after the El Ni\u00f1o event (1983)","volume":"70","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bol. Cienc. Mar."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-19572009000300005","article-title":"Temporal fluctuations of nearshore ichthyoplankton off Valpara\u00edso, central Chile, during the ENSO cycle 1997\u20132000","volume":"44","author":"Landaeta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3856\/vol38-issue1-fulltext-14","article-title":"Ictioplancton en la zona costera del Pac\u00edfico colombiano durante la fase terminal de El Ni\u00f1o 2006\u20132007","volume":"38","author":"Giraldo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03040","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JC002013","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variations of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation in a high-resolution OGCM","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Gordo, C., and God\u00ednez-Dom\u00ednguez, E. (2026). Seasonal Hydrography and ENSO Variability Shape Ichthyoplankton Assemblage Structure in the Central Mexican Pacific. Diversity, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/d18060366"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165129","article-title":"Complex interactions of ENSO and local conditions buffer the poleward shift of migratory fish in a subtropical seascape","volume":"896","author":"Vollrath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2024.105228","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of ichthyoplankton assemblages in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Colombia","volume":"275","author":"Valencia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12057","article-title":"The seascape nursery: A novel spatial approach to identify and manage nurseries for coastal marine fauna","volume":"16","author":"Nagelkerken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13459","article-title":"Littoral habitats as major nursery areas for fish species in estuaries: A reinforcement of the reduced predation paradigm","volume":"649","author":"Whitfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2021.105408","article-title":"Function of estuaries and coastal areas as nursery grounds for marine fish early life stages","volume":"170","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Li, Y., and Jiang, C. (2022). Biological and ecological studies on marine ichthyoplankton. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.948521"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/24.8.775","article-title":"Larval fish assemblages in waters off the central Pacific coast of Mexico","volume":"24","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbp138","article-title":"Larval fish assemblages and circulation in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in autumn and winter","volume":"32","author":"Beier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010289","article-title":"Role of circulation scales and water mass distributions on larval fish habitats in the Eastern Tropical Pacific off Mexico","volume":"120","author":"Beier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3856\/vol46-issue1-fulltext-4","article-title":"Regionalization in the distribution of larval fish assemblages during winter and autumn in the Gulf of California","volume":"46","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190102","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0224-2019-0102","article-title":"Larval fish assemblages in nearshore waters of southeast Gulf of California: Vertical and temporal patterns","volume":"18","author":"Amezcua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neotrop. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.14639","article-title":"Drivers of reef fish assemblages in an upwelling region from the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean","volume":"98","author":"Eisele","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallego-Zerrato, J.J., Cuellar, A., and Giraldo, A. (2025). Ichthyoplankton composition and environmental drivers in the Sanquianga Tapaje Estuarine System, Eastern Tropical Pacific. Diversity, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/d17090649"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"103864","article-title":"Differences in the impact of intense ENSO+ in Bah\u00eda Magdalena (SW of Baja California, Mexico) in the context of climate change","volume":"80","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Funes-Rodr\u00edguez, R., G\u00f3mez-Guti\u00e9rrez, J., and Palomares-Garc\u00eda, R. (2007). Composici\u00f3n, distribuci\u00f3n y abundancia de larvas de peces en Bah\u00eda Magdalena. Estudios ecol\u00f3gicos en Bah\u00eda Magdalena, CICIMAR-IPN."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Quiroz, M.C., Cervantes-Duarte, R., Funes-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Bar\u00f3n-Campis, S.A., Garc\u00eda-Romero, F.J., Hern\u00e1ndez-Trujillo, S., Hern\u00e1ndez-Becerril, D.U., Gonz\u00e1lez-Armas, R., Martell-Dubois, R., and Cerdeira-Estrada, S. (2019). Impact of \u201cThe Blob\u201d and \u201cEl Ni\u00f1o\u201d in the SW Baja California Peninsula: Plankton and environmental variability of Bah\u00eda Magdalena. Front. Mar. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00025"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbu099","article-title":"Structuring of zooplankton and fish larvae assemblages in a freshwater-influenced Greenlandic fjord: Influence from hydrography and prey availability","volume":"37","author":"Swalethorp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mocuba, J., Leit\u00e3o, F., and Teod\u00f3sio, M.A. (2023). The Diversity of Fish Larvae in the Bons Sinais Estuary (Mozambique) and Its Role as a Nursery to Marine Fish Resources. Diversity, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/d15080883"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12740","article-title":"Fish larvae dynamics in temperate estuaries: A review on processes, patterns and factors that determine recruitment","volume":"24","author":"Arevalo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115858","article-title":"Larval fish assemblages in selected Brazilian estuaries: Species\u2013environment relationships under different anthropogenic influences","volume":"198","author":"Pessanha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sodr\u00e9, D., Costa, A., Silva, E., Pereira, L., and Costa, R. (2026). Determining the Diversity and Environmental Structuring of Fish Larvae in an Amazonian Coastal Protected Estuary. Oceans, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/oceans7030050"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93557-2","article-title":"All shallow coastal habitats matter as nurseries for Mediterranean juvenile fish","volume":"11","author":"Rouanet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"104831","article-title":"Upwelling as a nursery for fish larvae: Summer observations from the Taiwan Bank","volume":"95","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/fog.12224","article-title":"Does upwelling intensity determine larval fish habitats in upwelling ecosystems? The case of Senegal and Mauritania","volume":"26","author":"Tiedemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Echeverri, C., and Bergam\u00edn, H. (1982). Estudio Preliminar de la Taxonom\u00eda y Distribuci\u00f3n de Larvas de Peces en la Bah\u00eda de Buenaventura. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad del Valle]."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Rueda-Montenegro, C., and Caraballo, P. (1984). Composici\u00f3n, Distribuci\u00f3n y Abundancia del Ictioplancton en el Pac\u00edfico Colombiano, Nov\u2013Dic 1982. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.26640\/01213423.2.33_49","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n y abundancia de larvas y huevos de peces durante el Crucero Pac\u00edfico XIII ERFEN X, noviembre de 1988","volume":"2","author":"Arboleda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bol. Cient. CCCP"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"181","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n y abundancia de huevos y larvas de Opisthonema spp. y Cetengraulis mysticetus (Pisces: Clupeiformes) en el Pac\u00edfico colombiano durante enero de 1993","volume":"2","author":"Ramos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bol. Cient. INPA"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Moreno, A. (1995). Descripci\u00f3n, Distribuci\u00f3n y Abundancia de Larvas y Postlarvas de Sciaenidae (Pisces, Perciformes) en el Pac\u00edfico Colombiano Durante 1991. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad del Valle]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.26640\/01213423.12.23_35","article-title":"Composici\u00f3n, distribuci\u00f3n y abundancia del ictioplancton en la cuenca del oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico colombiano durante septiembre de 2003","volume":"12","author":"Escarria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bol. Cient. CCCP"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-71782006000200016","article-title":"Ictioplancton superficial de la cuenca del oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico colombiano (septiembre 2003)","volume":"34","author":"Escarria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Mar."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-71782007000200013","article-title":"Ichthyoplankton in the National Natural Park Isla Gorgona (Pacific Ocean of Colombia) during September 2005","volume":"35","author":"Escarria","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Mar."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.17151\/bccm.2020.24.1.9","article-title":"Ictioplancton de Cabo Manglares (Distrito Nacional de Manejo Integrado Cabo Manglares, Bajo Mira y Frontera), Nari\u00f1o, Colombia","volume":"24","author":"Giraldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56289","DOI":"10.15517\/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.56289","article-title":"Taxonomic richness, diversity, temporal variation, and ecological aspects of fish larvae in the Gulf of Tribug\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"73","author":"Giraldo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"105128","article-title":"Larval fish assemblage dynamics in response to ENSO events in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Evidence from Gorgona Island, Colombia","volume":"99","author":"Giraldo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"67","article-title":"Small-scale fisheries on the Pacific coast of Colombia: Historical context, current situation, and future challenges","volume":"Volume 19","author":"Salas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viability and Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries in Latin America and The Caribbean"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n-Le\u00f3n, B., and R\u00edos, R.H. (2000). Estad\u00edos Tempranos de Peces del Pac\u00edfico Colombiano, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura (INPA)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Moser, H.G. (1996). The Early Stages of Fishes in the California Current Region, Allen Press. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Atlas No. 33."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1967.12.2.0343","article-title":"Determination of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: Spectrophotometric equations","volume":"12","author":"Lorenzen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Harris, R.P., Wiebe, P.H., Lenz, J., Skjoldal, H.R., and Huntley, M. (2000). Biomass and abundance. ICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1995.09061594.x","article-title":"Ecological biodiversity of marine nematodes in samples from temperate, tropical, and deep-sea regions","volume":"9","author":"Boucher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Clarke, K.R., and Warwick, R.M. (2001). Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, PRIMER-E Ltd."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"32","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Anderson, M.J., Gorley, R.N., and Clarke, K.R. (2008). PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods, PRIMER-E."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Anderson, M.J. (2005). PERMANOVA: A FORTRAN Computer Program for Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance, Department of Statistics, University of Auckland."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9846-x","article-title":"True value of estuarine and coastal nurseries for fish: Incorporating complexity and dynamics","volume":"38","author":"Sheaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13641","article-title":"The resilience of coastal ecosystems: A functional trait-based perspective","volume":"109","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"103","article-title":"Vulnerability to climate change of marine and coastal fisheries in M\u00e9xico","volume":"24","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atm\u00f3sfera"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavraro, F., Anelli Monti, M., Mati\u0107-Skoko, S., Caccin, A., and Pranovi, F. (2023). Vulnerability of the Small-Scale Fishery to Climate Changes in the Northern-Central Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Fishes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8010009"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.61736\/carnets-oi.757","article-title":"Vulnerability of fishing and fisheries sector to climate change and non-climate risks as perceived by fishermen in Zanzibar coastal villages","volume":"7","author":"Makame","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carnets Rech. l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1922","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1922","article-title":"Autumn ichthyoplankton assemblage in the Yangtze Estuary shaped by environmental factors","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/417275a","article-title":"Climatic influence on a marine fish assemblage","volume":"417","author":"Attrill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14501","article-title":"Functional reorganization of marine fish nurseries under climate warming","volume":"25","author":"McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5104","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16266","article-title":"Four decades of climatic fluctuations and fish recruitment stability across a marine\u2013freshwater gradient","volume":"28","author":"Colombano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biw161","article-title":"The resilience of marine ecosystems to climatic disturbances","volume":"67","author":"Micheli","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014379117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014379117","article-title":"Climate shock effects and mediation in fisheries","volume":"118","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fsaf170","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaf170","article-title":"Four causes of nursery function degradation and their consequences for declining marine coastal- and estuarine-dependent species","volume":"82","author":"Sterl","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14435","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14435","article-title":"Conservation benefits of a large marine protected area network that spans multiple ecosystems","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e00565","article-title":"Adaptive marine conservation planning in the face of climate change: What can we learn from physiological, ecological and genetic studies?","volume":"17","author":"Rilov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12645","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12645","article-title":"Are coastal habitats important nurseries? A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lefcheck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/9\/1468\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:44:04Z","timestamp":1788497044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/9\/1468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["life16091468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16091468","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}