{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:09:24Z","timestamp":1788772164474,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Collaborative Innovation Project of Anhui Province","award":["GXXT-2023-077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2023-077"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Research Platform Open Project of Fuyang Normal University","award":["FYKFKT24013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FYKFKT24013"]}]},{"award":["FYKFKT24013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FYKFKT24013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02njz9p87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Innovative Research Team for Molecular Enzymology and Detection in Anhui Provincial Universities","award":["2022AH010012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH010012"]}]},{"name":"Biotechnology \u201cDouble-Teachers and Double-Abilities\u201d Type Teacher Team in Anhui Provincial Universities"},{"name":"AI4S Synthetic Biology R&D Center of Wuhu City and Anhui Normal University","award":["AI4S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI4S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccines have demonstrated greater efficiency in providing immunoprotection against bacterial species, making them potentially valuable in aquaculture. In this study, twenty-four outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Pseudomonas fluorescens were cloned, purified, and 16 OMP mouse antisera were prepared, with titers all exceeding 1:3200. Subsequently, these 16 antisera were used to passively immunize crucian carp (Carassius auratus) followed by challenge with the pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that five OMP antisera (PF0542, SurA, PF1798, PF2253, and PF4616), as well as the whole OMP serum, provided immune protection rates exceeding 60% against P. fluorescens and Aeromonas hydrophila infection (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, these five OMP antisera reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant factors (p &lt; 0.05), and exerted protective effects on the structural integrity of the kidney, spleen, and intestinal tissues. In addition, active immunization of crucian carp with these five identified OMPs followed by pathogen challenge demonstrated that these proteins could activate non-specific immune responses in fish, confer immune protection against P. fluorescens and A. hydrophila infection, reduce the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant factors (p &lt; 0.05), and protect the tissue structure of the kidney, spleen, and intestine. Collectively, these five OMPs (PF0542, SurA, PF1798, PF2253, and PF4616) can activate immune responses in crucian carp, confer protection against bacterial infection, and exhibit reductions in inflammatory\/oxidative responses associated with protection following bacterial challenge, and as well as viscera structure-maintaining effects. Therefore, the five OMPs hold promise as vaccine candidates against bacterial infections (P. fluorescens and A. hydrophila) for both passive and active immunization in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Vaccine Candidates Against Major Fish Pathogens (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aeromonas hydrophila) from the Outer Membrane Proteins of P. fluorescens in Fish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"},{"name":"Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qinkai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Revitalization Collaborative Technology Service Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3903-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236041, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen 518116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2527939123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2527939123","article-title":"Stress and resilience in northern European marine ecosystems","volume":"123","author":"Llope","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111155","article-title":"Pathogen coinfections in wild and farmed salmonids: A systematic review","volume":"170","author":"Ortega","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0052825","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00528-25","article-title":"Interactions between Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans affect persistence and virulence","volume":"94","author":"Patenaude","year":"2026","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13634","article-title":"Anguilla sp. diseases diagnoses and treatments: The ideal methods at the crossroads of conservation and aquaculture purposes","volume":"7","author":"Parchemin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105867","article-title":"Dactylogyrus extensus and Pseudomonas fluorescens dual infection in farmed common carp (Cyprinuscarpio)","volume":"173","author":"Attia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04645-9","article-title":"Antibacterial activity, phytochemical composition, and cytotoxicity evaluation of select medicinal plants from Bangladesh","volume":"83","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi, A.K., Pavanasam, N., Chibssa, T.R., Mohamed, A.A., Senbata, B., Bedewi, Z., and Disasa, G. (2025). Phenotypic, molecular detection, and antibiogram analysis of Pseudomonas species from Oreochromis niloticus. L1758 (Nile Tilapia) from aquaculture pond, Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05071-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03315-7","article-title":"Mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors","volume":"7852","author":"Ngou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27232","article-title":"Effect of heat-resistant protease of Pseudomonas fluorescens on the quality of liquid milk: A physicochemical and proteomic perspective","volume":"109","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.027","article-title":"Antimicrobial and indicator properties of edible film containing clove bud oil-loaded chitosan capsules and red cabbage for fish preservation","volume":"196","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108330","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide LRSG08 from Penaeus vannamei exhibits antibacterial activity against Vibrio spp. in aquatic products","volume":"213","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.K., Patel, F., Abdelhamed, H., Hanson, L.A., Lawrence, M.L., and Tekedar, H.C. (2026). Recombinant TadZ from the type IVc pilus system induces protective immunity against virulent Aeromonas hydrophila in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1763508"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2026.105657","article-title":"Efficacy of a novel lectin-conjugate platinum nanoparticle (MdLec-PtNP) to protect Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Aeromonas hydrophila infection by injection, immersion and oral routes of administration","volume":"181","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110301","article-title":"Fire in the belly: Stress and antibiotics induce dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of common carp","volume":"161","author":"Klak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101946","article-title":"Typhoid fever infection antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: A narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Atouguia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, K., Mugoh, M., Call, D.R., and Omulo, S. (2020). Antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistant bacteria detected in milk marketed for human consumption in Kibera, Nairobi. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233413"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01334","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in food: Extraction, analysis, and human health concerns","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Chen, J., Cui, P., Yang, X., Zheng, Y., Ma, Z., Liu, Y., and Liu, X. (2025). Evaluation of immunoprotective activities of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) water extract against major pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila or Vibrio fluvialis) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152257"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, H., Cui, P., Chen, J., Meng, L., Che, X., Ma, Z., Wu, X., Lu, J., Sun, S., and Zhu, G. (2025). Evaluation of the multivalent immune protective effects of the Vibrio fluvialis outer membrane protein VF17320, and its DNA and IgY antibody vaccines in fish. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1586258"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.02.016","article-title":"Cryo-EM structures reveal multiple stages of bacterial outer membrane protein folding","volume":"7","author":"Doyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuaf062","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf062","article-title":"From gatekeepers to mitochondrial mischief: How bacterial outer membrane proteins crash the host cell party","volume":"50","author":"Proft","year":"2026","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add1856","article-title":"MTCH2 is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein insertase","volume":"6617","author":"Guna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04834-7","article-title":"Peptidoglycan maturation controls outer membrane protein assembly","volume":"7916","author":"Mamou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0328125","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03281-25","article-title":"PPE64 is a mycomembrane channel protein that functions in heme iron uptake and moonlights in biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Bai, J., Li, L., Jia, Y., Qiu, X., Luo, Y., Zhou, D., and Zhang, Z. (2025). The role of outer membrane protein 16 in Brucella pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnostic applications. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12070605"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02874","article-title":"Pseudomonas fluorescens: Identification of fur-regulated proteins and evaluation of their contribution to pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-012-0812-3","article-title":"TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor of Pseudomonas fluorescens: Virulence and vaccine potential","volume":"194","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02771","article-title":"Identification and analysis of three virulence associated TonB-dependent outer membrane receptors of Pseudomonas fluorescens","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.045","article-title":"Pyrogallol downregulates the expression of virulence-associated proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii and showing anti-infection activity by improving non-specific immune response in zebrafish model","volume":"226","author":"Abirami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, G., Santos, R.A., Coutinho, F., Pedrosa, N., Curado, M., Machado, M., Costas, B., Bonneville, L., Serrano, M., and Carvalho, A.P. (2022). Oral vaccination of fish against vibriosis using spore-display technology. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1012301"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ontiveros-Padilla, L., Garc\u00eda-Lozano, A., Tepale-Segura, A., Rivera-Hern\u00e1ndez, T., Pastelin-Palacios, R., Isibasi, A., Arriaga-Pizano, L.A., Bonifaz, L.C., and L\u00f3pez-Mac\u00edas, C. (2021). CD4+ and CD8+ circulating memory T cells are crucial in the protection induced by vaccination with Salmonella typhi porins. Microorganisms, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040770"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.03.002","article-title":"Systematically integrated metabonomic-proteomic studies of Escherichia coli under ciprofloxacin stress","volume":"179","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109211","article-title":"Polyvalent passive vaccine candidates from egg yolk antibodies (IgY) of important outer membrane proteins (PF1380 and ExbB) of Pseudomonas fluorescens in fish","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-021-00784-5","article-title":"Immune responses and protective efficacy of outer membrane protein ExbB of Pseudomonas fluorescens against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens affecting Carassius auratus","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Role of CD11a and CD11b in ischemic acute renal failure in rats","volume":"267","author":"Rabb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5678","article-title":"Severity of pancreatitis-associated intestinal mucosal barrier injury is reduced following treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, E., Gagliardi, A., Riedmiller, I., Andretta, C., Tomasi, M., Irene, C., Frattini, L., Zanella, I., Berti, F., and Grandi, A. (2021). Multi-antigen outer membrane vesicle engineering to develop polyvalent vaccines: The Staphylococcus aureus case. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.752168"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127508","article-title":"Development of oral vaccine using calcium phosphate nanoparticles conjugated with outer membrane protein of Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia)","volume":"62","author":"Abhiram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.23-0320","article-title":"Extracellular polysaccharide of Lactobacillus plantarum enhance immune efficacy of oprH gene recombinant subunit vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"85","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chukwu-Osazuwa, J., Cao, T., Vasquez, I., Gnanagobal, H., Hossain, A., Machimbirike, V.I., and Santander, J. (2022). Comparative reverse vaccinology of Piscirickettsia salmonis, Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio anguillarum and Moritella viscosa, frequent pathogens of Atlantic salmon and lumpfish aquaculture. Vaccines, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030473"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13682","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant subunit OMP and hly vaccines against Aeromonas hydrophila in Rohu (Labeo rohita)","volume":"10","author":"Thirumalaikumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.04.012","article-title":"Identification of polyvalent protective immunogens from outer membrane proteins in Vibrio parahaemolyticus to protect fish against bacterial infection","volume":"54","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.057","article-title":"The identification of polyvalent protective immunogens and immune abilities from the outer membrane proteins of Aeromonas hydrophila in fish","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00345-7","article-title":"Innovation in active and passive immunization of people who are immunocompromised: A call to action","volume":"26","author":"Hill","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3798","article-title":"Facts and hopes in cancer antigens recognized by T cells","volume":"2","author":"Brochier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neelawala, R.N., Bommineni, V., Gottapu, C., Edison, L.K., Gunathilaka, K.K., Butcher, G.D., Roberts, J.F., and Kariyawasam, S. (2026). Evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel vaccine candidate against Salmonella in poultry. Vaccines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010068"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110545","article-title":"Evaluation of humoral immunity and maternal antibody transfer in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock following immunization with a bivalent vaccine","volume":"165","author":"Pardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1021\/pr1000219","article-title":"Immunoproteomic identification of polyvalent vaccine candidates from Vibrio parahaemolyticus outer membrane proteins","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nantacharoen, W., Baek, S.J., Plaingam, W., Charoenkiatkul, S., Tencomnao, T., and Sukprasansap, M. (2022). Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala berry promotes antioxidant response and suppresses glutamate-induced cell death via SIRT1\/Nrf2 survival pathway in Hippocampal HT22 neuronal cells. Molecules, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185813"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106324","article-title":"Spiromesifen conferred abnormal development in zebrafish embryos by inducing embryonic cytotoxicity via causing oxidative stress","volume":"252","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"596","article-title":"NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasms are ubiquitous tumours of myofibroblastic lineage with a distinct methylation class","volume":"4","author":"Duchesne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imhof, D., Pownall, W., H\u00e4nggeli, K.P.A., Monney, C., Rom\u00e1n, L.R., Ortega-Mora, L.M., Forterre, F., Oevermann, A., and Hemphill, A. (2023). Immunization with a multivalent Listeria monocytogenes vaccine leads to a strong reduction in vertical transmission and cerebral parasite burden in pregnant and non-pregnant mice infected with Neospora caninum. Vaccines, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010156"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13723","article-title":"A new isolate of Streptomyces lateritius (Z1-26) with antibacterial activity against fish pathogens and immune enhancement effects on crucian carp (Carassius auratus)","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32573-w","article-title":"Heterogenous humoral and cellular immune responses with distinct trajectories post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based cohort","volume":"1","author":"Menges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq3277","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq3277","article-title":"Human T-bet governs the generation of a distinct subset of CD11c high CD21 low B cells","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Kinetics and persistence of cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthcare workers with or without prior COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Bleotu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.Z., Li, F., Huang, X., Nouman, M., Bibi, R., Fan, X., Zhou, H., Shan, Z., Wang, L., and Jiang, Y. (2022). Oral immunization of chickens with probiotic Lactobacillus crispatus constitutively expressing the \u03b1-\u03b22-\u03b5-\u03b21 Toxoids to induce protective immunity. Vaccines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050698"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111446","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunological efficacy of EsxA subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine against Streptococcus iniae in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak)","volume":"175","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111273","article-title":"Genomic insights and vaccine evaluation of a virulent MLST ST234 Bacillus cereus infecting Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"173","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2026.128873","article-title":"Updates on the research on nanocarriers in fish vaccine oral, immersion and injection delivery: A major review","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/9\/1493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:27:45Z","timestamp":1788769665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/16\/9\/1493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["life16091493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life16091493","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]}}}