{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:02:23Z","timestamp":1789621343190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Fund of China","award":["23BTY025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BTY025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Promoting visual health in early childhood is crucial for visual development, and effective school-based interventions are urgently needed. This study examined the effects of physical exercise combined with accommodative training on visual acuity and ocular biometric parameters in children aged 6\u20137 years. A total of 163 first-grade students were allocated by intact classes to an experimental group (n = 82), which received a 32-week physical exercise program incorporating visual tasks designed to stimulate ciliary-muscle accommodation, or a control group (n = 81), which received standard physical education. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), kinetic visual acuity (KVA), axial length (AL), corneal curvature (CC), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were assessed at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention. Significant time effects and time \u00d7 group interactions were observed for UDVA and KVA (all p &lt; 0.05). Although no between-group differences were found at baseline or mid-intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly better UDVA and KVA than the control group after the intervention. Significant time effects were observed for AL, CC, and ACD, but no significant between-group differences were detected. These findings suggest that physical exercise combined with accommodative training can effectively enhance visual function in young children, while ocular biometric parameters maintain stable growth trajectories consistent with normal pediatric development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:16:48Z","timestamp":1789460208000},"page":"1529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Physical Exercise Combined with Accommodative Training on Visual Acuity and Ocular Biometric Parameters in Children Aged 6\u20137"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0974-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2107-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongbin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Haijie","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guiming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Beili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports School, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Caimei","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). 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