{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:03:18Z","timestamp":1789984998375,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Council","award":["113-2221-E-992-011-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2221-E-992-011-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Council","award":["114-2637-8-992-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2637-8-992-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Radiotherapy-related complications can impair long-term outcomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), while high-volume literature screening remains a bottleneck in evidence synthesis. Methods: Four databases were searched through January 2026. After deduplication, 4916 records underwent two-stage manual screening, yielding 38 studies. Three Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models, BERT-base, BioBERT, and PubMedBERT, were fine-tuned using stratified five-fold cross-validation, and screening performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC), the area under the precision-recall curve (PR-AUC), and work saved over sampling (WSS) at the 100% and 85% recall thresholds (WSS@100% and WSS@85%).The clinical evidence was evaluated using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) and synthesized narratively according to endpoint, discrimination metric, time horizon, unit of analysis, validation level, and uncertainty reporting. Results: At complete recall, BioBERT and PubMedBERT achieved mean WSS values of 97.8% and 97.5%, respectively, compared with 89.7% for BERT-base. Separately, the clinical evidence review identified 39 discrimination estimates: 33 conventional binary ROC-AUCs, three Harrell\u2019s C-indices, and three time-dependent AUCs. Only two studies contributed external-validation estimates and one contributed a temporal-validation estimate. Sixteen estimates lacked a usable measure of uncertainty, and PROBAST rated all studies as having a high overall risk of bias, driven by the analysis domain. Conclusions: Within the retrieved and manually annotated corpus, biomedical pretrained language models showed the potential to reduce the title-and-abstract screening burden while maintaining complete recall. Independently, the clinical evidence map identified promising discrimination but insufficiently robust and transportable evidence for routine clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life16091566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Recall Biomedical Language Models for Radiation Oncology Evidence Synthesis: An Integrated Systematic Review of Prediction Models for Radiotherapy-Induced Complications in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guang-Zhi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang-Wei","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8325-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6712-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0887-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Yuan\u2019s General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ping","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyh-An","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Shie","family":"Wuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Liang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ju","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3112-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsair-Fwu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics and Informatics Laboratory of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012545","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012545","article-title":"Analysis of the time and workers needed to conduct systematic reviews of medical interventions using data from the PROSPERO registry","volume":"7","author":"Borah","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Enhancing Text Classification Performance: A Comparative Study of RNN and GRU Architectures with Attention Mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Wardani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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