{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:05:15Z","timestamp":1768986315691,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]],"date-time":"2017-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been proposed that prebiotic chemical studies on the emergence of primitive life would be most relevant when performed in a hydrogel, rather than an aqueous, environment. In this paper we describe the ambient temperature coupling of phosphorus oxyacids [Pi] mediated by Fe(II) under aerobic conditions within a silica hydrogel (SHG) environment. We have chosen to examine SHGs as they have considerable geological precedence as key phases in silicification en route to rock formation. Following a description of the preparation and characterization studies on our SHG formulations, coupling experiments between Pi species are described across multiple permutations of (i) Pi compound; (ii) gel formulation; (iii) metal salt additive; and (iv) pH-modifying agent. The results suggest that successful Pi coupling, indicated by observation of pyrophosphate [PPi(V)] via 31P-NMR spectroscopy, takes place when the following components are present: (i) a mixture of mixture of Pi(III) and Pi(V) or pure PPi(III-V); (ii) Fe(II); (iii) acetic or formic acid (not hydrochloric acid); (iv) aerobic conditions or the presence of H2O2 as an oxidant; and (v) the presence of a gel system. On the basis of these, and aqueous control reactions, we suggest mechanistic possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life7040045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T11:35:45Z","timestamp":1511177745000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Chemical Transformations in Proto-Cytoplasmic Media. Phosphorus Coupling in the Silica Hydrogel Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Gorrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Albdeery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200779122101","article-title":"Chemical evolution toward the origin of life","volume":"79","author":"Fitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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