{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T06:12:34Z","timestamp":1782799954556,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004520","name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Seed Grant \u201cTane\u201d 1798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Seed Grant \u201cTane\u201d 1798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute","award":["ELSI Director\u2019s Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ELSI Director\u2019s Fund"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ELSI Origins Network Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ELSI Origins Network Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increasing body of evidence relates the wide range of benefits mineral surfaces offer for the development of early living systems, including adsorption of small molecules from the aqueous phase, formation of monomeric subunits and their subsequent polymerization, and supramolecular assembly of biopolymers and other biomolecules. Each of these processes was likely a necessary stage in the emergence of life on Earth. Here, we compile evidence that templating and enhancement of prebiotically-relevant self-assembling systems by mineral surfaces offers a route to increased structural, functional, and\/or chemical complexity. This increase in complexity could have been achieved by early living systems before the advent of evolvable systems and would not have required the generally energetically unfavorable formation of covalent bonds such as phosphodiester or peptide bonds. In this review we will focus on various case studies of prebiotically-relevant mineral-templated self-assembling systems, including supramolecular assemblies of peptides and nucleic acids, from nanoscience and surface science. These fields contain valuable information that is not yet fully being utilized by the origins of life and astrobiology research communities. Some of the self-assemblies that we present can promote the formation of new mineral surfaces, similar to biomineralization, which can then catalyze more essential prebiotic reactions; this could have resulted in a symbiotic feedback loop by which geology and primitive pre-living systems were closely linked to one another even before life\u2019s origin. We hope that the ideas presented herein will seed some interesting discussions and new collaborations between nanoscience\/surface science researchers and origins of life\/astrobiology researchers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life8020010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T02:48:08Z","timestamp":1525747688000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mineral Surface-Templated Self-Assembling Systems: Case Studies from Nanoscience and Surface Science towards Origins of Life Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Gillams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"},{"name":"Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5175-4599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony Z.","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-40142007000100022","article-title":"Origens da vida","volume":"21","author":"Damineli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estudos Avan\u00e7ados"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12711","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12711","article-title":"Thermal control of sequential on-surface transformation of a hydrocarbon molecule on a copper surface","volume":"7","author":"Kawai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)77013-0","article-title":"Interfacial adsorption as a Function of the Concentration of Colloidal Solutions","volume":"84","author":"Johlin","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ni\u010d, M., Jir\u00e1t, J., Ko\u0161ata, B., Jenkins, A., and McNaught, A. (2009). Adsorption. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, IUPAC."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5b00347","article-title":"Controlling Catalytic Selectivity via Adsorbate Orientation on the Surface: From Furfural Deoxygenation to Reactions of Epoxides","volume":"6","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10027","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b02237","article-title":"Orientation Selection during Heterogeneous Nucleation: Implications for Heterogeneous Catalysis","volume":"121","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6816(91)90007-Q","article-title":"Electronic factors in catalysis","volume":"38","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2000-0416","article-title":"The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3749\/canmin.1400086","article-title":"Mineral Ecology: Chance and Necessity in the Mineral Diversity of Terrestrial Planets","volume":"53","author":"Hazen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01372401","article-title":"Prebiotic nucleotide synthesis-demonstration of a geologically plausible pathway","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orig. Life"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2016.06.008","article-title":"Schreibersite on the early Earth: Scenarios for prebiotic phosphorylation","volume":"8","author":"Pasek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17198","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17198","article-title":"Nucleoside phosphorylation by the mineral schreibersite","volume":"5","author":"Gull","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-011-9236-3","article-title":"The effects of borate minerals on the synthesis of nucleic acid bases, amino acids and biogenic carboxylic acids from formamide","volume":"41","author":"Saladino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092464","article-title":"Borate minerals stabilize ribose","volume":"303","author":"Ricardo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-010-9233-y","article-title":"Borate minerals and origin of the RNA world","volume":"41","author":"Grew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-008-9128-3","article-title":"Adsorption and polymerization of amino acids on mineral surfaces: A review","volume":"38","author":"Lambert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/life5010637","article-title":"Adsorption of Nucleic Acid Bases, Ribose, and Phosphate by Some Clay Minerals","volume":"5","author":"Hashizume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(87)90237-7","article-title":"Amino acid adsorption by clay minerals in distilled water","volume":"51","author":"Hedges","year":"1987","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1903","article-title":"Montmorillonite-catalysed formation of RNA oligomers: The possible role of catalysis in the origins of life","volume":"361","author":"Ferris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/381059a0","article-title":"Synthesis of long prebiotic oligomers on mineral surfaces","volume":"381","author":"Ferris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1529338","article-title":"Oligomerization of ribonucleotides on montmorillonite: Reaction of the 5\u2032-phosphorimidazolide of adenosine","volume":"257","author":"Ferris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7564","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00096a013","article-title":"Kinetic and Mechanistic Analysis of Dinucleotide and Oligonucleotide Formation from the 5\u2032-Phosphorimidazolide of Adenosine on Na-Montmorillonite","volume":"116","author":"Kawamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006595411403","article-title":"Polymerization on the rocks: Theoretical introduction","volume":"28","author":"Orgel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006572112311","article-title":"Polymerization on the rocks: Negatively-charged alpha-amino acids","volume":"28","author":"Hill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006576213220","article-title":"Polymerization on the rocks: Beta-amino acids and arginine","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.663639","article-title":"Peptide formation in the prebiotic era: Thermal condensation of glycine in fluctuating clay environments","volume":"201","author":"Lahav","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-016-9516-z","article-title":"Glycine Polymerization on Oxide Minerals","volume":"47","author":"Kitadai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089904","article-title":"Experimental models of primitive cellular compartments: Encapsulation, growth, and division","volume":"302","author":"Hanczyc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-006-9018-5","article-title":"Mineral surface directed membrane assembly","volume":"37","author":"Hanczyc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43418","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43418","article-title":"Mineral Surface Chemistry and Nanoparticle-aggregation Control Membrane Self-Assembly","volume":"7","author":"Sahai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2016.09.005","article-title":"Nuclear geyser model of the origin of life: Driving force to promote the synthesis of building blocks of life","volume":"8","author":"Ebisuzaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-018-0476-7","article-title":"The Importance of Water for Life","volume":"214","author":"Westall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3390\/pr3020309","article-title":"A Chemical Engineering Perspective on the Origins of Life","volume":"3","author":"Grover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1039\/C4OB00447G","article-title":"Self-assembly of peptides to nanostructures","volume":"12","author":"Mandal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2018.02.009","article-title":"Rational design and self-assembly of short amphiphilic peptides and applications","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201602624","article-title":"Peptide-Based Molecular Hydrogels as Supramolecular Protein Mimics","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10042","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02499","article-title":"RNA-Based Coacervates as a Model for Membraneless Organelles: Formation, Properties, and Interfacial Liposome Assembly","volume":"32","author":"Aumiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74498-1","article-title":"Concentration Effect on the Aggregation of a Self-Assembling Oligopeptide","volume":"85","author":"Fung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1110","article-title":"Peptide-nucleotide microdroplets as a step towards a membrane-free protocell model","volume":"3","author":"Koga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2013.04.008","article-title":"Magnetic field guided colloidal assembly","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10658","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10658","article-title":"Non-equilibrium behaviour in coacervate-based protocells under electric-field-induced excitation","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.03.024","article-title":"Interaction of mineral surfaces with simple organic molecules by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy (DRIFT)","volume":"322","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06977-4","article-title":"Interactions of the Calcite {10.4} Surface with Organic Compounds: Structure and Behaviour at Mineral\u2014Organic Interfaces","volume":"7","author":"Hakim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1021\/la2021758","article-title":"Molecular ordering of ethanol at the calcite surface","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0132376","article-title":"Structure and Molecular Dynamics of Alkane Monolayers Self-Assembled on Mica Platelets","volume":"106","author":"Osman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7630","DOI":"10.1021\/la049552b","article-title":"Simulation of organic monolayers as templates for the nucleation of calcite crystals","volume":"20","author":"Duffy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15239","DOI":"10.1021\/la101136j","article-title":"Binding of ethanol on calcite: The role of the OH bond and its relevance to biomineralization","volume":"26","author":"Sand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14520","DOI":"10.1021\/la100670k","article-title":"Interaction of ethanol and water with the {1014} surface of calcite","volume":"26","author":"Cooke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1180\/claymin.1962.5.27.05","article-title":"Mineral Composition of the Average Shale","volume":"5","author":"Yaalon","year":"1962","journal-title":"Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2017.04.002","article-title":"Mechanism of polymer adsorption on shale surfaces: Effect of polymer type and presence of monovalent and divalent salts","volume":"3","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(78)90117-5","article-title":"Adsorption of amino acid-containing organic matter by calcite and quartz","volume":"42","author":"Carter","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"315","article-title":"Clay-Organic Interactions","volume":"311","author":"Lagaly","year":"1984","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, C. (2004). The emergence of complexity: Lessons from DNA. PLoS Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020431"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.09.059","article-title":"What drives proteins into the major or minor grooves of DNA?","volume":"365","author":"Privalov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"199","article-title":"Ribozymes: Catalytic RNAs that cut things, make things, and do odd and useful jobs","volume":"49","author":"Walter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologist"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a003608","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a003608","article-title":"The origins of the RNA world","volume":"4","author":"Robertson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b13148","article-title":"Enhanced Nonenzymatic RNA Copying with 2-Aminoimidazole Activated Nucleotides","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1759-2208-3-2","article-title":"The eightfold path to non-enzymatic RNA replication","volume":"3","author":"Szostak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Syst. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006570726326","article-title":"The role of self-assembled monolayers of the purine and pyrimidine bases in the emergence of life","volume":"28","author":"Sowerby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8442","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08442","article-title":"Study of DNA adsorption on mica surfaces using a surface force apparatus","volume":"5","author":"Kan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1021\/es0522985","article-title":"Interactions of DNA with Clay Minerals and Soil Colloidal Particles and Protection against Degradation by DNase","volume":"40","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.01.023","article-title":"The adsorption of short single-stranded DNA oligomers to mineral surfaces","volume":"83","author":"Cleaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perona, J.J. (2001). DNA Structure. Encyclopedia of Genetics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1006\/rwgn.2001.0370"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11595","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.20.11595","article-title":"The Biology of Left-handed Z.-DNA","volume":"271","author":"Herbert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7465","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.19.7465","article-title":"Z-DNA-forming sequences are spontaneous deletion hot spots","volume":"86","author":"Freund","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511084103","article-title":"Z-DNA-forming sequences generate large-scale deletions in mammalian cells","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1115","article-title":"Timeline: Z-DNA: The long road to biological function","volume":"4","author":"Rich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L. (2002). Biochemistry, Fifth Edition, W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.12.023","article-title":"Stability of free and mineral-protected nucleic acids: Implications for the RNA world","volume":"83","author":"Swadling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/13.13.4983","article-title":"Evidence for Z-form RNA by vacuum UV circular dichroism","volume":"13","author":"Riazance","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360290116","article-title":"Z-RNA: The solution NMR structure of r(CGCGCG)","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5944","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw388","article-title":"\u201cZ-DNA like\u201d fragments in RNA: A recurring structural motif with implications for folding, RNA\/protein recognition and immune response","volume":"44","author":"Leonarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b00445","article-title":"Replacing uridine with 2-thiouridine enhances the rate and fidelity of nonenzymatic RNA primer extension","volume":"137","author":"Heuberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023982008714","article-title":"Cations as mediators of the adsorption of nucleic acids on clay surfaces in prebiotic environments","volume":"33","author":"Franchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79757-6","article-title":"DNA binding to mica correlates with cationic radius: Assay by atomic force microscopy","volume":"70","author":"Hansma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JG004067","article-title":"Geological and Chemical Factors that Impacted the Biological Utilization of Cobalt in the Archean Eon","volume":"123","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567739476001551","article-title":"Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides","volume":"32","author":"Shannon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. A"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15938","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805313105","article-title":"Photoferrotrophs thrive in an Archean Ocean analogue","volume":"105","author":"Crowe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13248","DOI":"10.1021\/ja906475w","article-title":"Surface-mediated DNA self-assembly","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5889","article-title":"Self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA origami lattices using cation-controlled surface diffusion","volume":"5","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5011914","article-title":"Virus-inspired membrane encapsulation of DNA nanostructures to achieve in vivo stability","volume":"8","author":"Perrault","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.02.009","article-title":"The Beauty and Utility of DNA Origami","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbari, E., Mollica, M.Y., Lucas, C.R., Bushman, S.M., Patton, R.A., Shahhosseini, M., Song, J.W., and Castro, C.E. (2017). Engineering Cell Surface Function with DNA Origami. Adv. Mater., 29.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703632"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao2648","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2648","article-title":"Single-stranded DNA and RNA origami","volume":"358","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"451","article-title":"Programmable formation of catalytic RNA triangles and squares by assembling modular RNA enzymes","volume":"161","author":"Oi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Matsumura, S., and Ikawa, Y. (2017). Artificial RNA Motifs Expand the Programmable Assembly between RNA Modules of a Bimolecular Ribozyme Leading to Application to RNA Nanostructure Design. Biology, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology6040037"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.1.184","article-title":"Reconstitution of a group I intron self-splicing reaction with an activator RNA","volume":"88","author":"Christian","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132814","article-title":"A century of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"314","author":"Goedert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1021\/cr3000994","article-title":"The Amyloid Beta Peptide: A Chemist\u2019s Perspective. Role in Alzheimer\u2019s and Fibrillization","volume":"112","author":"Hamley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540701283882","article-title":"Soluble protein oligomers as emerging toxins in Alzheimer\u2019s and other amyloid diseases","volume":"59","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4593","article-title":"Targeting protein aggregation for the treatment of degenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Eisele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2524","article-title":"A brief overview of amyloids and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Ow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082387","article-title":"Casting metal nanowires within discrete self-assembled peptide nanotubes","volume":"300","author":"Reches","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2122","article-title":"Exploring the sequence space for (tri-)peptide self-assembly to design and discover new hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Frederix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.169","article-title":"Dynamic peptide libraries for the discovery of supramolecular nanomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00164H","article-title":"The physical properties of supramolecular peptide assemblies: From building block association to technological applications","volume":"43","author":"Gazit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01447-x","article-title":"Self-assembling dipeptide antibacterial nanostructures with membrane disrupting activity","volume":"8","author":"Schnaider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam9756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9756","article-title":"Self-assembling peptide semiconductors","volume":"358","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.013","article-title":"Self-assembly of short peptides to form hydrogels: Design of building blocks, physical properties and technological applications","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200353135","article-title":"Prebiotic Formation of Amino Acids in a Neutral Atmosphere by Electric Discharge","volume":"43","author":"Plankensteiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00927019","article-title":"The atmosphere of the primitive Earth and the prebiotic synthesis of amino acids","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"1974","journal-title":"Orig. Life"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1039\/b103775g","article-title":"Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites","volume":"19","author":"Sephton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01140180","article-title":"Abiotic synthesis of amino acids under hydrothermal conditions and the origin of life: A perpetual phenomenon?","volume":"79","author":"Hennet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)90288-7","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of amino acids","volume":"58","author":"Marshall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1314","article-title":"Peptide Bond Formation in Water Mediated by Carbon Disulfide","volume":"15","author":"Leman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102722","article-title":"Carbonyl Sulfide-Mediated Prebiotic Formation of Peptides","volume":"306","author":"Leman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02248-y","article-title":"Mineral surface chemistry control for origin of prebiotic peptides","volume":"8","author":"Erastova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201311089","article-title":"The formation and self-assembly of long prebiotic oligomers produced by the condensation of unactivated amino acids on oxide surfaces","volume":"53","author":"Martra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9276","DOI":"10.1021\/nn303740j","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of surface-assisted epitaxial self-assembly of amyloid-like peptides","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8795","DOI":"10.1021\/jp903446g","article-title":"Peptide diffusion and self-assembly in ambient water nanofilm on mica surface","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50914","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207225200","article-title":"Surface-catalyzed amyloid fibril formation","volume":"277","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02742-3","article-title":"A prebiotic template-directed peptide synthesis based on amyloids","volume":"9","author":"Rout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96889","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA21244A","article-title":"Water stability of self-assembled peptide nanostructures for sequential formation of two-dimensional interstitial patterns on layered materials","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0352(01)00061-7","article-title":"Peptide dendrimers: Applications and synthesis","volume":"90","author":"Sadler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.05.015","article-title":"Understanding the functional roles of amino acid residues in enzyme catalysis","volume":"390","author":"Holliday","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(98)01254-7","article-title":"Catalytic triads and their relatives","volume":"23","author":"Dodson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200305578","article-title":"Synthesis and esterolytic activity of catalytic peptide dendrimers","volume":"10","author":"Lagnoux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14814","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR04672J","article-title":"Self-assembly mechanisms of nanofibers from peptide amphiphiles in solution and on substrate surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-013-2969-y","article-title":"Template-directed self-assembly of a designed amphiphilic hexapeptide on mica surface","volume":"291","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21328","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Peptide Amphiphiles: From Molecules to Nanostructures to Biomaterials","volume":"94","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b00764","article-title":"Amphiphilic Peptide Self-Assembly: Expansion to Hybrid Materials","volume":"18","author":"Mikhalevich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01218a","article-title":"Self-assembly of amphiphilic peptides","volume":"7","author":"Hamley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072089599","article-title":"Molecular self-assembly of surfactant-like peptides to form nanotubes and nanovesicles","volume":"99","author":"Vauthey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14916","DOI":"10.1021\/la503933x","article-title":"Controlled growth of filamentous fatty acid vesicles under flow","volume":"30","author":"Hentrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241888","article-title":"Nonenzymatic template-directed RNA synthesis inside model protocells","volume":"342","author":"Adamala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063187","article-title":"Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers","volume":"294","author":"Hartgerink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.07.010","article-title":"Pore-scale heterogeneity in the mineral distribution and reactive surface area of porous rocks","volume":"411","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1021\/cm202640w","article-title":"Peptide- and Protein-Based Hydrogels","volume":"24","author":"Jonker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700321","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700321","article-title":"A Bioinspired Mineral Hydrogel as a Self-Healable, Mechanically Adaptable Ionic Skin for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensing","volume":"29","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10455","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc13943f","article-title":"Diffusion of small molecules inside a peptide hydrogel","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","article-title":"Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2628","article-title":"A viscous solvent enables information transfer from gene-length nucleic acids in a model prebiotic replication cycle","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3839","article-title":"A practical guide to hydrogels for cell culture","volume":"13","author":"Caliari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.06.010","article-title":"Self assembled bi-functional peptide hydrogels with biomineralization-directing peptides","volume":"31","author":"Gungormus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21163","article-title":"Design of metal-binding sites onto self-assembled peptide fibrils","volume":"92","author":"Kasotakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-014-9355-8","article-title":"Rapid RNA exchange in aqueous two-phase system and coacervate droplets","volume":"44","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orig. Life Evol. Biosph."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2414","article-title":"Phosphorylation-mediated RNA\/peptide complex coacervation as a model for intracellular liquid organelles","volume":"8","author":"Aumiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7869","DOI":"10.1039\/C6OB01227B","article-title":"Self-assembly of Ni-NTA-modified \u03b2-annulus peptides into artificial viral capsids and encapsulation of His-tagged proteins","volume":"14","author":"Matsuura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1894","article-title":"Short peptides self-assemble to produce catalytic amyloids","volume":"6","author":"Rufo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR02675G","article-title":"The amyloid architecture provides a scaffold for enzyme-like catalysts","volume":"9","author":"McIntosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1546311","article-title":"Innovative materials processing strategies: A biomimetic approach","volume":"255","author":"Heuer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"098003","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/89\/9\/098003","article-title":"Biomineralization: Mineral formation by organisms","volume":"89","author":"Addadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00314","article-title":"Biomineralization of calcium carbonates and their engineered applications: A review","volume":"4","author":"Dhami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250100304","article-title":"Magnetite biomineralization and geomagnetic sensitivity in higher animals: An update and recommendations for future study","volume":"10","author":"Kirschvink","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.07.026","article-title":"Coral biomineralization: From the gene to the environment","volume":"408","author":"Holcomb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fablet, R., Pecquerie, L., de Pontual, H., H\u00f8ie, H., Millner, R., Mosegaard, H., and Kooijman, S.A.L.M. (2011). Shedding light on fish otolith biomineralization using a bioenergetic approach. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027055"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selenska-Pobell, S., and Merroun, M. (2010). Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Micro-organisms: Biomineralization and Nanocluster Formation. Prokaryotic Cell Wall Compounds, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-05062-6_17"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5298","article-title":"Viruses as new agents of organomineralization in the geological record","volume":"5","author":"Pacton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614654114","article-title":"Origin of microbial biomineralization and magnetotaxis during the Archean","volume":"114","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2015.12.003","article-title":"Tailoring Grain Storage Reserves for a Healthier Rice Diet and its Comparative Status with Other Cereals","volume":"323","author":"Butardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.02.001","article-title":"Glycogen metabolism in humans","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"411","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. (Indore)"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2012.718528","article-title":"Possible origin of life between mica sheets: Does life imitate mica?","volume":"31","author":"Hansma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.01.168","article-title":"Polysaccharide films as templates in the synthesis of hematite nanostructures with special properties","volume":"258","author":"Nidhin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1089\/153110701750137495","article-title":"Importance of a martian hematite site for astrobiology","volume":"1","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9351","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02439","article-title":"Mineralization of Calcium Carbonate on Multifunctional Peptide Assembly Acting as Mineral Source Supplier and Template","volume":"32","author":"Murai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc02012e","article-title":"Morphology control of calcium phosphate by mineralization on the \u03b2-sheet peptide template","volume":"46","author":"Nonoyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13670","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR03410E","article-title":"Nanostructured interfacial self-assembled peptide\u2013polymer membranes for enhanced mineralization and cell adhesion","volume":"9","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elham, R., Remzi, B.C., and Helena, A. (2016). Self-assembled peptide-polymer hydrogels as a 3D nanofiber substrate for biomimetic hydroxyapatite mineralization. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.02610"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q.-L., Ning, T.-Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, W.-B., Mei, M.L., and Chu, C.H. (2014). A novel self-assembled oligopeptide amphiphile for biomimetic mineralization of enamel. BMC Biotechnol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-14-32"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.03.024","article-title":"Self-assembled peptide nanofibers on graphene oxide as a novel nanohybrid for biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M., Cleaves, H.J., and Boston, P. (2018). What Would Earth Be Like Without Life?. EOS, 99.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018EO091895"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/8\/2\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:03:41Z","timestamp":1760195021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/8\/2\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["life8020010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life8020010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]]}}}