{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:45:14Z","timestamp":1791377114073,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":866,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics are widely used in the field of bone regeneration, both in orthopedics and in dentistry, due to their good biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteoconduction. The aim of this article is to review the history, structure, properties and clinical applications of these materials, whether they are in the form of bone cements, paste, scaffolds, or coatings. Major analytical techniques for characterization of CaPs, in vitro and in vivo tests, and the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international standards from CaP coatings on orthopedic and dental endosseous implants, are also summarized, along with the possible effect of sterilization on these materials. CaP coating technologies are summarized, with a focus on electrochemical processes. Theories on the formation of transient precursor phases in biomineralization, the dissolution and reprecipitation as bone of CaPs are discussed. A wide variety of CaPs are presented, from the individual phases to nano-CaP, biphasic and triphasic CaP formulations, composite CaP coatings and cements, functionally graded materials (FGMs), and antibacterial CaPs. We conclude by foreseeing the future of CaPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10040334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T11:38:27Z","timestamp":1490355507000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":999,"title":["Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noam","family":"Eliaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Corrosion Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Metoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Corrosion Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.04.002","article-title":"A detailed history of calcium orthophosphates from 1770s till 1950","volume":"33","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, E., and Parr, J.E. (1994). Characterization and Performance of Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implants, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).","DOI":"10.1520\/STP1196-EB"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.293.1","article-title":"Bioceramics\u2014An historical perspective","volume":"293","author":"Shackelford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epinette, J.A., and Manley, M.T. (2004). Fifteen Years of Clinical Experience with Hydroxyapatite Coatings in Joint Arthroplasty, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0851-2"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"121","article-title":"Microscopical observations concerning blood, milk, bone, the brain, spittle, and cuticula, etc","volume":"9","author":"Leeuwenhoek","year":"1674","journal-title":"Philos. Trans."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1695.0147","article-title":"Part of a letter of Mr. Anthony van Leeuwenhoeck, dated Delst, Sept. 10. 1697. Concerning the eggs of snails, roots of vegetables, teeth, and young Oysters","volume":"19","author":"Leeuwenhoek","year":"1695","journal-title":"Philos. Trans."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Roscoe, H.E., and Schorlemmer, C. (1881). A Treatise on Chemistry. Volume I: The Non-Metallic Elements, Macmillan and Co."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Aikin, A., and Aikin, C.R. (1807). A Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Vol. II, William Phillips, George Yard, Lombard Street. Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Corninll."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nicholson, W. (1808). A Dictionary of Practical and Theoretical Chemistry, with Its Application to the Arts and Manufactures, and to the Explanation of the Phenomena of Nature, Printed for Richard Phillips."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Parr, B. (1809). The London Medical Dictionary, Vol. I, Wentworth Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Davy, H. (1814). Conversations on Chemistry, Didnep\u2019s Press."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"90","article-title":"Address in hygiene","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Muhlenberg","year":"1832","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, at Its Thirty-Third Annual Session"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1039\/mp8430200222","article-title":"Notice of a new hydrated phosphate of lime","volume":"2","author":"Percy","year":"1843","journal-title":"Mem. Proc. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"245","article-title":"On the occurrence of fluor spar, apatite and chondtodite in limestone","volume":"29","author":"Dana","year":"1846","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. Ser. 3"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"297","article-title":"Solubility of carbonate of lime in water containing carbonic acid","volume":"30","author":"Lassaigne","year":"1847","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. Ser. 3"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Jenkins, E.E. (1853). Phosphate of Lime. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Medical College of the State of South Carolina]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83942-4","article-title":"Composition of bone. IV. Primary calcification","volume":"79","author":"Kramer","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"571","article-title":"Wiedereinheilung der bei der trapanation ausgebohrten knochenscheibe","volume":"2","year":"1821","journal-title":"J. Chir. Augen Heilkd."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1881.0025","article-title":"Observations concerning transplantation of bone. Illustrated by a case of inter-human osseous transplantation, whereby over two-thirds of the shaft of a humerus was restored","volume":"32","author":"Macewen","year":"1881","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"463","article-title":"Lacto-phosphate of lime; pathology and treatment of exposed dental pulps and sensitive dentine","volume":"18","author":"Cravens","year":"1876","journal-title":"Dent. Cosmos."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"491","article-title":"Pathological calcification","volume":"14","author":"Wells","year":"1906","journal-title":"J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"32","article-title":"Studies in bone growth triple calcium phosphate as a stimulus to osteogenesis","volume":"71","author":"Albee","year":"1920","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Albee, F.H. (1915). Bone-Graft Surgery, W.B. Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1515\/zkri-1930-0122","article-title":"On the structure of apatite","volume":"75","author":"Mehmel","year":"1930","journal-title":"Z. Kristallogr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"387","article-title":"The structure of apatite (CaF)Ca4(PO4)3","volume":"75","year":"1930","journal-title":"Z. Kristallogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50264a025","article-title":"Structural characteristics of apatite-like substances and composition of rock and bone as determined from microscopical and X-ray diffraction analysis","volume":"23","author":"Hendricks","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01504488","article-title":"R\u00f6ntgenographische untersuchung \u00fcber den aufbau der anorganischen zahnsubstanz","volume":"21","year":"1933","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01474771","article-title":"\u00dcber die kristallorientierung im zahnschmelz","volume":"24","year":"1936","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"369","article-title":"Roentgen-ray diffraction studies of enamel and dentin","volume":"32","author":"Bale","year":"1934","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol. Radiat. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"158","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der kalk-phosphors\u00e4ure-verbindungen","volume":"38","author":"Bredig","year":"1932","journal-title":"Z. Elktrochem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"25","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis des systems kalziumoxyd-phosphorpentoxyd","volume":"14","year":"1932","journal-title":"Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch. D\u00fcsseldorf"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100282","article-title":"Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration","volume":"10","author":"Albrektsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1931.01160030026002","article-title":"The formation of bone under the influence of epithelium of the urinary tract","volume":"22","author":"Huggins","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50364a030","article-title":"Equilibrium in the system calcium oxide-phosphorous pentoxide-water","volume":"32","author":"Elmore","year":"1940","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"209","article-title":"Stimulation of healing in long bones by use of artificial material","volume":"6","author":"Schram","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1039\/tf9504601061","article-title":"The nature of precipitated calcium phosphates","volume":"46","author":"Arnold","year":"1950","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1950.tb14172.x","article-title":"Cold-setting properties","volume":"33","author":"Kingery","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"77","article-title":"Experimental bone replacement with resorbable calcium phosphate ceramic","volume":"341","author":"Karbe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Chir."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(83)80101-2","article-title":"Osseointegration and its experimental background","volume":"50","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1038\/2041050a0","article-title":"Crystal structure of hydroxyapatite","volume":"204","author":"Kay","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1021\/ar50092a003","article-title":"Synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate and its relation to bone mineral structure","volume":"8","author":"Posner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760080501","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate: The contention of bone","volume":"76","author":"Boskey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820030413","article-title":"Forming methods for apatite prosthesis","volume":"3","author":"Levitt","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90238-6","article-title":"Biodegradable ceramic implants in bone. Electron and light microscopic analysis","volume":"32","author":"Bhaskar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"123","article-title":"Calcium phosphate resorbable ceramics: A potential alternative to bone grafting","volume":"52","author":"Driskell","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1975.46.6.328","article-title":"Bioceramic implants in surgically produced infrabony defects","volume":"46","author":"Nery","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(75)80038-0","article-title":"Tricalcium phosphate as an adjunct to apical closure in pulpless permanent teeth","volume":"1","author":"Roberts","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(79)90253-1","article-title":"Immediate dental root implants from synthetic dense calcium hydroxylapatite","volume":"42","author":"Denissen","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, B., and Jansen, J.A. (2009). Thin Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Medical Implants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77718-4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.32.3.428-432.1976","article-title":"Use of hydroxyapatite coated glass beads for preclinical testing of potential antiplaque agents","volume":"32","author":"Sudo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(81)90050-8","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene\u2014A mechanically compatible implant material for bone replacement","volume":"2","author":"Bonfield","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198106000-00037","article-title":"Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics","volume":"157","author":"Jarcho","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Groot, K. (1983). Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphate, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-07283-5_41"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"86","article-title":"Studies on the application of apatite to dental materials","volume":"18","author":"Aoki","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Dent. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B5.1654336","article-title":"Fixation of hip prostheses by hydroxyapatite ceramic coatings","volume":"73","author":"Furlong","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"668","article-title":"Healing and pharmacokinetics of a beta-tricalcium phosphate-gentamycin combination in animal studies (preliminary report)","volume":"40","author":"Randzio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dtsch. Zahnarztl. Z."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5923\/j.ajbe.20120203.01","article-title":"Nanodimensional and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1021\/cm00047a019","article-title":"Characterization and reactivity of nanosized calcium phosphates prepared in anhydrous ethanol","volume":"6","author":"Layrolle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122393","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of nanograde osteoapatite-like rod crystals","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-9773(94)90020-5","article-title":"X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis of nanophase apatite coatings prepared by electrocrystallization","volume":"4","author":"Shirkhanzadeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nanostruct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(94)90016-7","article-title":"An in-vitro evaluation of coralline porous hydroxyapatite as a scaffold for osteoblast growth","volume":"17","author":"Norman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008956430697","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering on calcium phosphate-coated titanium plates utilizing cultured rat bone marrow cells: A preliminary study","volume":"9","author":"Dekker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199824)43:4<428::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"BoneSource hydroxyapatite cement: A novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal tissue engineering and reconstruction","volume":"43","author":"Friedman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000419232","article-title":"Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine","volume":"15","author":"LeGeros","year":"1991","journal-title":"Monogr. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Aoki, H. (1991). Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, JAAS."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Elliott, J.C. (1994). Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Brown, P.W., and Constantz, B. (1994). Hydroxyapatite and Related Materials, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, E., and Parr, J.E. (1994). Characterization and Performance of Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implants, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM STP 1196.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP1196-EB"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epinette, J.A., and Manley, M.T. (2004). Fifteen Years of Clinical Experience with Hydroxyapatite Coatings in Joint Arthroplasty, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0851-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorozhkin, S.V. (2012). Calcium Orthophosphates: Applications in Nature, Biology, and Medicine, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12312"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Heimann, R.B. (2014). Calcium Phosphate: Structure, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Nissan, B. (2014). Advances in Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-53980-0"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Dey, A., and Mukhopadhyay, A.K. (2017). Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.271","article-title":"The material bone: Structure-mechanical function relations","volume":"28","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(98)00007-1","article-title":"Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone","volume":"20","author":"Rho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currey, J.D. (2002). Bones: Structure and Mechanics, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400849505"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3130::AID-ANIE3130>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates","volume":"41","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1039\/B402005G","article-title":"Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen-mineral nano-composite in bone","volume":"14","author":"Fratzl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.02.058","article-title":"Transient precursor strategy in mineral formation of bone","volume":"39","author":"Weiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.04.176","article-title":"Transient precursor strategy or very small biological apatite crystals?","volume":"41","author":"Grynpas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001","article-title":"Nature\u2019s hierarchical materials","volume":"52","author":"Fratzl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2007.05.001","article-title":"Bone structure and formation: A new perspective","volume":"58","author":"Olszta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0701-x","article-title":"A hierarchical structure for apatite crystals","volume":"18","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0860-y","article-title":"Bone mineral\u2014Update on chemical composition and structure","volume":"20","author":"Rey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1093","article-title":"On optimal hierarchy of load-bearing biological materials","volume":"278","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2012.09.001","article-title":"First detection, characterization, and application of amorphous calcium phosphate in dentistry","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929748","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/929748","article-title":"Insight into biological apatite: Physiochemical properties and preparation approaches","volume":"2013","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4089","article-title":"Bioinspired structural materials","volume":"14","author":"Wegst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, J. (1986). The Law of Bone Remodeling, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71031-5"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"175","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s Law and bone\u2019s structural adaptations to mechanical usage: An overview for clinicians","volume":"64","author":"Frost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Tortora, G.J., and Derrickson, B. (1993). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, John Wiley & Sons. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.01.033","article-title":"Enhanced osseointegration of grit-blasted, NaOH-treated and electrochemically hydroxyapatite-coated Ti\u20136Al\u20134V implants in rabbits","volume":"5","author":"Lakstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.02.024","article-title":"High-resolution AFM imaging of intact and fractured trabecular bone","volume":"35","author":"Hassenkam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39704","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA05098C","article-title":"From macro to micro: Structural biomimetic materials by electrospinning","volume":"4","author":"Ke","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(81)90051-8","article-title":"Crystal growth of calcium phosphates\u2014Epitaxial considerations","volume":"53","author":"Koutsoukos","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.40.5030","article-title":"X-ray diffractometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations of nanocrytalline hydroxyapatite synthesized by a hydroxide gel technique: Structure and mechanical and thermal properties of condensed matter","volume":"40","author":"Panda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(81)90056-7","article-title":"Bone mineralization","volume":"53","author":"Betts","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-414-165","article-title":"Characterization of mineral deposits on plasma-sprayed HA-coated Ti\u20136Al\u20134V","volume":"414","author":"Benezra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4079(200211)37:11<1234::AID-CRAT1234>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Determination of the bone mineral crystallite size and lattice strain from diffraction line broadening","volume":"37","author":"Danilchenko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004","article-title":"Effect of ultrastructural changes on the toughness of bone","volume":"36","author":"Nyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Kuhn-Spearing, L., Rey, C., Kim, H.M., and Glimcher, M.J. (1996). Synthesis and Processing of Nanocrystalline Powder, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(81)90052-X","article-title":"Crystal growth of calcium apatites from dilute solutions","volume":"53","author":"Moreno","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.03.003","article-title":"Physiochemical characterizations of hydroxyapatite extracted from bovine bones by three different methods: Extraction of biologically desirable HAp","volume":"28","author":"Barakat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555136","article-title":"Crystal-collagen relationships in calcified turkey leg tendons visualized by selected-area dark field electron microscopy","volume":"43","author":"Arsenault","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.200510572","article-title":"Thermal behavior of biogenic apatite crystals in bone: An X-ray diffraction study","volume":"41","author":"Danilchenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-007-0864-2","article-title":"Chemical and microstructural characterization of natural hydroxyapatite derived from pig bones","volume":"161","author":"Janus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650101021","article-title":"Isolation of calcium phosphate crystals of bone by non-aqueous methods at low temperature","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900086","article-title":"X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of apatite crystals isolated from chicken and bovine calcified cartilage","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00194-7","article-title":"TEM analysis of the nanostructure of normal and osteoporotic human trabecular bone","volume":"33","author":"Rubin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1021\/cr8004422","article-title":"Biomimetic systems for hydroxyapatite mineralization inspired by bone and enamel","volume":"108","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1999.00608.x","article-title":"Electron diffraction from micro- and nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite","volume":"196","author":"Suvorova","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X58000815","article-title":"Refinement of the hydroxyapatite structure","volume":"11","author":"Posner","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta Cryst."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4090.1055","article-title":"Monoclinic hydroxyapatite","volume":"180","author":"Elliott","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1021\/cg900156w","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite: Hexagonal or monoclinic?","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Local ordering of hydroxy groups in hydroxyapatite","volume":"17","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallet-Regi, M. (2008). Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847558923-FP001"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(85)90090-7","article-title":"Neutron diffraction studies of collagen in fully mineralized bone","volume":"181","author":"Bonar","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-008-9164-z","article-title":"A comparison of the physical and chemical differences between cancellous and cortical bovine bone mineral at two ages","volume":"83","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00036-3","article-title":"Chemical and physicochemical characterization of porous hydroxyapatite ceramics made of natural bone","volume":"21","author":"Joschek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00487-3","article-title":"Lack of OH in nanocrystalline apatite as a function of degree of atomic order: Implications for bone and biomaterials","volume":"25","author":"Pasteris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.07.022","article-title":"Development of nanocomposites for bone grafting","volume":"65","author":"Murugan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10667","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3049957","article-title":"Atom probe tomography of apatites and bone-type mineralized tissues","volume":"6","author":"Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"421746","article-title":"Biology of bone tissue: Structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells","volume":"2015","author":"Cerri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1995.0075","article-title":"The mechanical properties of natural materials, I: Material property charts","volume":"450","author":"Ashby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1080\/14786430410001680935","article-title":"The mechanical efficiency of natural materials","volume":"84","author":"Wegst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philos. Mag."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.102","article-title":"Nanomechanics of functional and pathological amyloid materials","volume":"6","author":"Knowles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(98)80035-9","article-title":"Interfaces in analogue biomaterials","volume":"46","author":"Bonfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Yamada, H. (1970). Strength of Biological Materials, Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0066","article-title":"Amorphous calcium carbonate transforms into calcite during sea-urchin larval spicule growth","volume":"264","author":"Beniash","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2009.02.001","article-title":"Transient amorphous calcium phosphate in forming enamel","volume":"166","author":"Beniash","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(67)80015-7","article-title":"Ultrastructure and development of iron mineralization in the radular teeth of Cryptochiton stelleri (Mollusca)","volume":"17","author":"Towe","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102289","article-title":"Sea urchin spine calcite forms via a transient amorphous calcium carbonate phase","volume":"306","author":"Politi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803354105","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate is a major component of the forming fin bones of zebrafish: Indications for an amorphous precursor phase","volume":"105","author":"Mahamid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914218107","article-title":"Mapping amorphous calcium phosphate transformation into crystalline mineral from the cell to the bone in zebrafish fin rays","volume":"107","author":"Mahamid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"413","article-title":"Dynamics of biomineralization and biodemineralization","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Met. Ions Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0041","article-title":"Recent studies of the mineral phase in bone and its possible linkage to the organic matrix by protein-bound phosphate bonds","volume":"304","author":"Glimcher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31073","article-title":"Measurement of non-crystalline calcium phosphate in bone mineral","volume":"122","author":"Harper","year":"1966","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/211268a0","article-title":"Infra-red determination of percentage of crystallinity in apatitic calcium phosphates","volume":"211","author":"Termine","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3743.1523","article-title":"Infrared analysis of rat bone: Age dependency of amorphous and crystalline mineral fractions","volume":"153","author":"Termine","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02008070","article-title":"Amorphous\/crystalline interrelationships in bone mineral","volume":"1","author":"Termine","year":"1967","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B88","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345750540023301","article-title":"Synthetic analogue of bone-mineral formation","volume":"54","author":"Posner","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345820610111301","article-title":"Paracrystalline disorder of biological and synthetic carbonate-substituted apatites","volume":"61","author":"Nelson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012538","article-title":"Precipitation of calcium phosphates from electrolyte solutions. II. The formation and transformation of precipitates","volume":"10","author":"Brecevic","year":"1972","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1039\/b815887h","article-title":"Pathways to biomineralization and biodemineralization of calcium phosphates: The thermodynamic and kinetic controls","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1021\/j100467a010","article-title":"Formation of calcium phosphates in moderately supersaturated solutions","volume":"83","author":"Feenstra","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Dordrecht, A.Z. (1998). Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00390-8","article-title":"Continuous synthesis of amorphous carbonated apatites","volume":"23","author":"Tadic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)00357-6","article-title":"Differences of bone bonding ability and degradation behaviour in vivo between amorphous calcium phosphate and highly crystalline hydroxyapatite coating","volume":"17","author":"Nagano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(89)90102-4","article-title":"A contribution to the understanding of the formation of calcium phosphates","volume":"94","author":"Christoffersen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90260-5","article-title":"The Ostwald rule of stages in precipitation from highly supersaturated solutions: A model and its application to the formation of the nonstoichiometric amorphous calcium phosphate precursor phase","volume":"84","author":"Feenstra","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02405124","article-title":"An intermediate state in hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphate","volume":"3","author":"Tung","year":"1983","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000930103","article-title":"Collagen-crystal relationships in bone. II. Electron microscope study of basic calcium phosphate crystals","volume":"93","author":"Watson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02013730","article-title":"An electron microscopic study of the formation of amorphous calcium phosphate and its transformation to crystalline apatite","volume":"12","author":"Eanes","year":"1973","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3856-4","article-title":"Structural and compositional features of amorphous calcium phosphate at the early stage of precipitation","volume":"21","author":"Zyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.06.031","article-title":"Amorphous calcium (ortho)phosphates","volume":"6","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1021\/j100638a011","article-title":"Conversion of amorphous calcium phosphate to microcrystalline hydroxyapatite. A pH-dependent, solution-mediated, solid-solid conversion","volume":"77","author":"Boskey","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1021\/cg034148g","article-title":"The influence of polyelectrolytes on the formation and phase transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate","volume":"4","author":"Garti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13410","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0732918","article-title":"Roles of amorphous calcium phosphate and biological additives in the assembly of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles","volume":"111","author":"Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-5-40","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate and its application in dentistry","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1524\/zkri.2012.1524","article-title":"Transient precursor amorphous phases in biomineralization. In the footsteps of Heinz A. Lowenstam","volume":"227","author":"Addadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. Kristallogr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat945","article-title":"Nucleation of apatite crystals in vitro by self-assembled dentin matrix protein 1","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16866","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804277105","article-title":"Direct transformation from amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate facilitated by motif programmed artificial proteins","volume":"105","author":"Tsuji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.02.017","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphates: Synthesis, properties and uses in biomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Combes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc00971g","article-title":"Mystery of the transformation from amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite","volume":"46","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012795","article-title":"The maturation of crystalline calcium phosphates in aqueous suspensions at physiologic pH","volume":"23","author":"Eanes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(90)80221-O","article-title":"Influence of polyelectrolytes on the precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate","volume":"48","author":"Amjad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02564004","article-title":"Effect of phospholipids on the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Wuthier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407188","article-title":"Phosphoprotein modulation of apatite crystallization","volume":"31","author":"Termine","year":"1980","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115430","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits calcium phosphate precipitation in vitro by preventing the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to calcium hydroxyapatite","volume":"88","author":"Qiu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.12.016","article-title":"In situ observation of hydroxyapatite nanocrystal formation from amorphous calcium phosphate in calcium-rich solutions","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.010","article-title":"In situ TEM examinations of octacalcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite transformation","volume":"289","author":"Xin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1038\/1961050a0","article-title":"Octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite: Crystallographic and chemical relations between octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite","volume":"196","author":"Brown","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.106.054","article-title":"Structures of biological minerals in dental research","volume":"106","author":"Mathew","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a023496","article-title":"High-resolution electron microscopical observations of initial enamel crystals","volume":"46","author":"Tohda","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.02.059","article-title":"Raman spectroscopic evidence for octacalcium phosphate and other mineral species deposited during intramembranous mineralization","volume":"39","author":"Crane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ms.06.080176.001241","article-title":"Chemical properties of bone mineral","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(81)90058-0","article-title":"Recent studies of bone mineral: Is the amorphous calcium phosphate theory valid?","volume":"53","author":"Glimcher","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v001a04","article-title":"Electron diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy in the characterization of calcium phosphate precipitation from aqueous solutions under biomineralization conditions","volume":"1","author":"Suvorova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411920030010601","article-title":"The role of brushite and octacalcium phosphate in apatite formation","volume":"3","author":"Johnsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374870010022201","article-title":"Octacalcium phosphates as a precursor in biomineral formation","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30407","article-title":"Surface chemistry and biological responses to synthetic octacalcium phosphate","volume":"77","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"221","article-title":"Effects of fluoride on precipitation and hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate in an experimental-model simulating enamel mineralization during amelogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Muragalelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1560\/IJC.48.3-4.159","article-title":"Electrocrystallization of calcium phosphates","volume":"48","author":"Eliaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1021\/cg800016h","article-title":"Electrocrystallization of hydroxyapatite and its dependence on solution conditions","volume":"8","author":"Eliaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32129","article-title":"Electrochemical processes of nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate on titanium supported by real-time quartz crystal microbalance measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis","volume":"89","author":"Eliaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9806963","article-title":"Calcium phosphate phase identification using XPS and time-of-flight cluster SIMS","volume":"71","author":"Chusuei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990812h","article-title":"Surface characterization of hydroxyapatite and related calcium phosphates by XPS and TOF-SIMS","volume":"72","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1515\/zpch-1897-2233","article-title":"The formation and changes of solids","volume":"22","author":"Ostwald","year":"1897","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.03.034","article-title":"Early bone apposition in vivo on plasma-sprayed and electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium alloy","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2010.03.020","article-title":"Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coating on CoNiCrMo substrate in dilute solution","volume":"204","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.12.091","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite coatings electrodeposited at near-physiological conditions","volume":"119","author":"Metoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.04.035","article-title":"Electrodeposition and biomineralization of nano-\u03b2-tricalcium phosphate on graphenated carbon nanotubes","volume":"297","author":"Metoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.04.143","article-title":"Electro-assisted deposition of calcium phosphate on self-assembled monolayers","volume":"206","author":"Metoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1080\/09593332108618187","article-title":"The application of calcium phosphate precipitation chemistry to phosphorus recovery: The influence of organic ligands","volume":"22","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00183-2","article-title":"Effects of solution conditions on the precipitation of phosphate for recovery: A thermodynamic evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(01)01089-5","article-title":"Precipitation of calcite in the presence of inorganic phosphate","volume":"203","author":"Plant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.08.021","article-title":"Calcite-seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery","volume":"63","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2009.07.014","article-title":"A comparative study on the dissolution and solubility of hydroxylapatite and fluorapatite at 25 \u00b0C and 45 \u00b0C","volume":"268","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2012.01.009","article-title":"Parameters influencing calcium phosphate precipitation in granular sludge sequencing batch reactor","volume":"77","author":"Pocquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2014.0139","article-title":"Thermodynamic assessment of effects of solution conditions on precipitation and recovery of phosphorus from wastewater","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(93)90049-D","article-title":"Biodegradation and bioresorption of calcium phosphate ceramics","volume":"14","author":"LeGeros","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.026","article-title":"Biological performance of uncoated and octacalcium phosphate-coated Ti6Al4V","volume":"26","author":"Habibovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10408360590886606","article-title":"The calcium-sensing receptor in normal physiology and pathophysiology: A review","volume":"42","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01705","article-title":"Another dimension to calcium signaling: A look at extracellular calcium","volume":"118","author":"Hofer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00177-6","article-title":"The ultrastructure of the plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-bone interface predisposing to bone bonding","volume":"23","author":"Porter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555820","article-title":"Formation of carbonate-apatite crystals after implantation of calcium-phosphate ceramics","volume":"46","author":"Daculsi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820230806","article-title":"Transformation of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics in vivo: Ultrastructural and physicochemical characterization","volume":"23","author":"Daculsi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90193-7","article-title":"Osseous substance formation induced in porous calcium phosphate ceramics in soft tissues","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.036","article-title":"Significance of calcium phosphate coatings for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Surmenev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)80752-6","article-title":"Osteoinduction in porous hydroxyapatite implanted in heterotopic sites of different animal models","volume":"17","author":"Ripamonti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)00044-0","article-title":"Osteogenesis in extraskeletally implanted porous calcium phosphate ceramics: Variability among different kinds of animals","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008950902047","article-title":"Osteoinduction by calcium phosphate biomaterials","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00450-6","article-title":"Material-dependent bone induction by calcium phosphate ceramics: A 2.5-year study in dog","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021191432366","article-title":"A comparison of the osteoinductive potential of two calcium phosphate ceramics implanted intramuscularly in goats","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3787","article-title":"Water-mediated structuring of bone apatite","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v2.i1.1","article-title":"Dissolution mechanism of calcium apatites in acids: A review of literature","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00181-7","article-title":"Bioactive ceramics: The effect of surface reactivity on bone formation and bone cell function","volume":"20","author":"Ducheyne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240560310","article-title":"Underlying mechanisms at the bone-biomaterial interface","volume":"56","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00160-X","article-title":"Understanding and controlling the bone-implant interface","volume":"20","author":"Puleo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/000164700317362181","article-title":"Sealing effect of hydroxyapatite coating: A 12-month study in canines","volume":"71","author":"Rahbek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.04.015","article-title":"Bioactive titanium calcium phosphate coating for disc arthroplasty: Analysis of 58 vertebral end plates after 6- to 12-month implantation","volume":"9","author":"Cunningham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2011.11.002","article-title":"A review of plasma-assisted methods for calcium phosphate-based coatings fabrication","volume":"206","author":"Surmenev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200400094","article-title":"RF plasma sputtering deposition of hydroxyapatite bioceramics: Synthesis, performance, and biocompatibility","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"25","article-title":"Nanotechnology approaches for better dental implants","volume":"26","author":"Tomsia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0379","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering therapeutics: Controlled drug delivery in three-dimensional scaffolds","volume":"7","author":"Boccaccini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2006.00129.x","article-title":"Calcium phosphate cement: Review of mechanical and biological properties","volume":"15","author":"Ambard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, J. (2006). Biological Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420057843"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.06.014","article-title":"Calcium phosphate ceramics in bone tissue engineering: A review of properties and their influence on cell behavior","volume":"9","author":"Samavedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-1467-8","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates","volume":"42","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.5037\/jomr.2010.1303","article-title":"Protein adsorption to surface chemistry and crystal structure modification of titanium surfaces","volume":"1","author":"Jimbo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2006.06.006","article-title":"Tunable hydroxyapatite wettability: Effect on adhesion of biological molecules","volume":"41","author":"Aronov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30320","article-title":"High surface energy enhances cell response to titanium substrate microstructure","volume":"74","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820281206","article-title":"Surface energy characterization of unalloyed titanium implants","volume":"28","author":"Kilpadi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.12.006","article-title":"Implantation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic titanium discs in rat tibia: Cellular reactions on the surfaces during the first 3 weeks in bone","volume":"25","author":"Eriksson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.20087","article-title":"Systematic variation in osteoblast adhesion and phenotype with substratum surface characteristics","volume":"68","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00242-2","article-title":"Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials","volume":"21","author":"Anselme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4355-y","article-title":"The effect of surface treatments on the adhesion of electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite coating to titanium and on its interaction with cells and bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Eliaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.04.005","article-title":"The effect of surface treatment on the surface texture and contact angle of electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite coating and on its interaction with bone-forming cells","volume":"5","author":"Eliaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2010221","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphate cements and concretes","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_240","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Vicat Needle, ASTM International. ASTM C191-13."},{"key":"ref_241","unstructured":"(2015). Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Gillmore Needles, ASTM International. ASTM C266-15."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-8842(93)90050-2","article-title":"Clinical applications of calcium phosphate biomaterials: A review","volume":"19","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50051a007","article-title":"Phase relations in the system SrO-P2O5 and the influence of water vapor on the formation of Sr4P2O9","volume":"6","author":"Kreidler","year":"1967","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38515.x","article-title":"Effect of porosity and physicochemical properties on the stability, resorption, and strength of calcium phosphate ceramics, in bioceramics: Material characteristics versus in-vivo behavior","volume":"523","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328205048633","article-title":"Bone in-growth induced by biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic in femoral defect of dogs","volume":"19","author":"Manjubala","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.309-311.227","article-title":"Comparative study of the degradation behavior of mechanically mixed and chemically precipitated biphasic calcium phosphates","volume":"309\u2013311","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1039\/a802067a","article-title":"Synthesis of biphasic ceramics of hydroxyapatite and \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate with controlled phase content and porosity","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200008)51:2<157::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Preparation of \u03b2TCP\/HAP biphasic ceramics with natural bone structure by heating bovine cancellous bone with the addition of (NH4)2HPO4","volume":"51","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_249","unstructured":"Ducheyne, P., Healy, K., Hutmacher, D., Grainger, D.E., and Kirkpatrick, J. (2011). Comprehensive Biomaterials, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121693","article-title":"Optimization of a calcium orthophosphate cement formulation occurring in the combination of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate with calcium oxide","volume":"5","author":"Boltong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.10.006","article-title":"Novel bioactive composite bone cements based on the \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate-Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate composite cement system","volume":"5","author":"Huan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-4898-1","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates in dentistry","volume":"24","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_253","unstructured":"Van Wazer, J.R. (1958). Phosphorus and Its Compounds, Interscience."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730010401","article-title":"Effects on whole saliva of chewing gums containing calcium phosphates","volume":"73","author":"Chow","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2020399","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates in nature, biology and medicine","volume":"2","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliaz, N. (2012). Degradation of Implant Materials, Springer Science + Business Media. Chapter 7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3942-4"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199824)43:4<451::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Histological, chemical, and crystallographic analysis of four calcium phosphate cements in different rabbit osseous sites","volume":"43","author":"Constantz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002412","article-title":"The fallacy of the calcium-phosphorus product","volume":"72","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III116","DOI":"10.1007\/s003920170032","article-title":"Formation and transformation of calcium phosphates: Relevance to vascular calcification","volume":"90","author":"LeGeros","year":"2001","journal-title":"Z. Kardiol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053337","article-title":"Development of some calcium phosphate cements from combinations of \u03b1-TCP, MCPM and CaO","volume":"5","author":"Boltong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00162-7","article-title":"In vivo study of calcium phosphate cements: Implantation of an \u03b1-tricalcium phosphate\/dicalcium phosphate dibasic\/tetracalcium phosphate monoxide cement paste","volume":"18","author":"Kurashina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411981534196","article-title":"Osteotransductive bone cements","volume":"212","author":"Driessens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00119-1","article-title":"Formation of hydroxyapatite in new calcium phosphate cements","volume":"19","author":"Takagi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00121-X","article-title":"Mechanical strength of calcium phosphate cement in vivo and in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1987.tb00678.x","article-title":"Effects of DCPD\/APF application and prolonged exposure to fluoride on caries-like lesion formation in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Crall","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660110701","article-title":"The use of saturated DCPD in remineralization of artificial caries lesions in vitro","volume":"66","author":"Wefel","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670100101","article-title":"Improvement of the caries resistance of human dental roots by a two-step conversion of the root mineral into fluoridated hydroxylapatite","volume":"67","author":"Hoppenbrouwers","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374970110040201","article-title":"In vivo detection of calcium from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate dentifrices in demineralized human enamel and plaque","volume":"11","author":"Sullivan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345740530012801","article-title":"Variations in the crystalline components of human dental calculus: I. crystallographic and spectroscopic methods of analysis","volume":"53","author":"LeGeros","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"643","article-title":"Formation and inhibition of dental calculus","volume":"40","author":"Schroeder","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_271","unstructured":"Eanes, E.D. (2001). Octacalcium Phosphate, Karger."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/1961048b0","article-title":"Octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite: Crystal structure of octacalcium phosphate","volume":"196","author":"Brown","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196601000-00021","article-title":"Crystal growth of bone mineral","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"1966","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3991(86)90213-5","article-title":"The structure of (100) defects in carbonated apatite crystallites: A high-resolution electron microscope study","volume":"19","author":"Nelson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900143","article-title":"Fluoride analysis of apatite crystals with a central planar OCP inclusion: Concerning the role of F- ions on apatite\/OCP\/apatite structure formation","volume":"59","author":"Iijima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444998005769","article-title":"First experimental evidence for human dentine crystal formation involving conversion of octacalcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite","volume":"54","author":"Steuer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209809017029","article-title":"Enamel mineralization and an initial crystalline phase","volume":"38","author":"Aoba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820280106","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of calcific deposits isolated from porcine bioprosthetic heart valves removed from patients following 2\u201313 years function","volume":"28","author":"Tomazic","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(99)00816-7","article-title":"Biomineralization mechanisms: A kinetics and interfacial energy approach","volume":"211","author":"Nancollas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345990780110401","article-title":"Implantation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in rat skull defects enhances bone repair","volume":"78","author":"Kamakura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_281","first-page":"124","article-title":"The efficacy of implant of octacalcium phosphate in combination with bone matrix gelatin (BMG) on bone regeneration in skull defects in rat","volume":"29","author":"Sobhani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.12.004","article-title":"Bone formation enhanced by implanted octacalcium phosphate involving conversion into Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite","volume":"27","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708783497283","article-title":"Bone regeneration by synthetic octacalcium phosphate and its role in biological mineralization","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.12.008","article-title":"Intramembranous bone tissue response to biodegradable octacalcium phosphate implant","volume":"5","author":"Kikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.01.048","article-title":"Rapid biomimetic deposition of octacalcium phosphate coatings on zirconia ceramics (Y-TZP) for dental implant applications","volume":"258","author":"Stefanic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSM.0000021104.42685.9f","article-title":"Influence of octacalcium phosphate coating on osteoinductive properties of biomaterials","volume":"15","author":"Habibovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.05.020","article-title":"Octacalcium phosphate collagen composites with titanium mesh facilitate alveolar augmentation in canine mandibular bone defects","volume":"41","author":"Miura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2003.10.029","article-title":"Octacalcium phosphate-based cement as a pulp-capping agent in rats","volume":"97","author":"Sena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(96)00080-5","article-title":"Initiation of alveolar ridge augmentation in the rat mandible by subperiosteal implantation of octacalcium phosphate","volume":"41","author":"Kamakura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2001.70410.x","article-title":"Experimental oral pathology: Implantation of octacalcium phosphate nucleates isolated bone formation in rat skull defects","volume":"7","author":"Kamakura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0782574","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates: Crystallization and dissolution","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2008.11.001","article-title":"Synthesis and hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate and its characterization by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction","volume":"70","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.04.002","article-title":"Octacalcium phosphate: Osteoconductivity and crystal chemistry","volume":"6","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(83)90431-1","article-title":"The growth of octacalcium phosphate on beta tricalcium phosphate","volume":"63","author":"Heughebaert","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205205","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.68.205205","article-title":"\u03b1- and \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate: A density functional study","volume":"68","author":"Yin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00131-8","article-title":"Formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite from alpha-tricalcium phosphate","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008934024440","article-title":"alpha-Tricalcium phosphate hydrolysis to hydroxyapatite at and near physiological temperature","volume":"11","author":"Durucan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567740877006037","article-title":"The crystal structure of \u03b1-Ca3(PO4)2","volume":"33","author":"Mathew","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. B"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2178800","article-title":"Surface and adsorption properties of alpha-tricalcium phosphate","volume":"124","author":"Yin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4596(74)90030-9","article-title":"Crystallographic studies of the role of Mg as a stabilizing impurity in \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2, The crystal structure of pure \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2","volume":"10","author":"Dickens","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1021\/cm9604266","article-title":"Vibrational properties of calcium phosphate compounds. 2. Comparison between hydroxyapatite and \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate","volume":"9","author":"Guitian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_302","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effects of magnesium on calcium phosphate formation","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Magnesium"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1021\/cg801130w","article-title":"Controls of tricalcium phosphate single-crystal formation from its amorphous precursor by interfacial energy","volume":"9","author":"Tao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_304","first-page":"9627","article-title":"Bone formation performance of beta-tricalcium phosphate sintered bone","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rehabil. Tissue. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<193::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Resorption of, and bone formation from, new beta-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate cements: An in vivo study","volume":"30","author":"Ohura","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(90)90121-6","article-title":"Calcium phosphate cements: Study of the beta-tricalcium phosphate\u2013dicalcium phosphate\u2013calcite cements","volume":"11","author":"Mirtchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1982.0408","article-title":"Tricalcium phosphate ceramic\u2014A resorbable bone implant: Review and current status","volume":"105","author":"Metsger","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.04.007","article-title":"Beta tricalcium phosphate: Observation of use in 100 posterolateral lumbar instrumented fusions","volume":"9","author":"Epstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2009.00799.x","article-title":"The use of beta-tricalcium phosphate, white MTA, white Portland cement and calcium hydroxide for direct pulp capping of primary pig teeth","volume":"25","author":"Shayegan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00028-X","article-title":"Toxicological review of inorganic phosphates","volume":"39","author":"Weiner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20121","article-title":"Performance and characterization of a nanophased porous hydroxyapatite for protein chromatography","volume":"87","author":"Jungbauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_312","first-page":"459","article-title":"Giant fluorapatite crystals: A question of locality","volume":"23","year":"1992","journal-title":"Miner. Rec."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(96)80037-6","article-title":"Improved properties of amorphous calcium phosphate fillers in remineralizing resin composites","volume":"12","author":"Skrtic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345960750091001","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the efficacy of amorphous calcium phosphate\/methacrylate composites in remineralizing caries-like lesions artificially produced in bovine enamel","volume":"75","author":"Skrtic","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.119","article-title":"Effect of the monomer and filler system on the remineralizing potential of bioactive dental composites based on amorphous calcium phosphate","volume":"12","author":"Skrtic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.108.017","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate-based bioactive polymeric composites for mineralized tissue regeneration","volume":"108","author":"Skrtic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.08.001","article-title":"Dental composites based on hybrid and surface-modified amorphous calcium phosphates","volume":"25","author":"Skrtic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911505050082","article-title":"Matrix resin effects on selected physicochemical properties of amorphous calcium phosphate composites","volume":"20","author":"Skrtic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328206064823","article-title":"Dental composites based on amorphous calcium phosphate\u2014Resin composition\/physicochemical properties study","volume":"21","author":"Skrtic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_320","first-page":"238","article-title":"Adhesion of amorphous calcium phosphate composites bonded to dentin: A study in failure modality","volume":"90","author":"Schumacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1163\/156856109X432767","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate composites and their effect on composite\u2013adhesive\u2013dentin bonding","volume":"23","author":"Antonucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_322","first-page":"136","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphates as bone substitution materials","volume":"28","author":"Tadic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02506.x","article-title":"A splitmouth placebo-controlled study to determine the effect of amorphous calcium phosphate in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity","volume":"25","author":"Yates","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_324","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dental applications of amorphous calcium phosphates","volume":"10","author":"Tung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(2001)58:3<295::AID-JBM1020>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"A novel amorphous calcium phosphate polymer ceramic for bone repair: I. Synthesis and characterization","volume":"58","author":"Ambrosio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.04.046","article-title":"Shear bond strength of an amorphous calcium-phosphate-containing orthodontic resin cement","volume":"131","author":"Dunn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2319\/020807-60","article-title":"Bond strength of an amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic adhesive","volume":"78","author":"Foster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_328","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effects of amorphous calcium phosphate on periodontal ligament cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697419","article-title":"Efficiency of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite and resin modified glass ionomer on demineralization evaluated by a new laser fluorescence device","volume":"3","author":"Uysal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp039","article-title":"Microleakage between composite-wire and composite-enamel interfaces of flexible spiral wire retainers. Part 2: Comparison of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing adhesive with conventional lingual retainer composite","volume":"31","author":"Uysal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2319\/112807-560.1","article-title":"Bond strength of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite used as a lingual retainer adhesive","volume":"79","author":"Uysal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp115","article-title":"Bond strength of ceramic brackets bonded to enamel with amorphous calcium phosphate containing orthodontic composite","volume":"32","author":"Uysal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2010.01236.x","article-title":"In vivo effects of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composite on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets","volume":"55","author":"Uysal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_334","first-page":"10","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate-containing orthodontic composites. Do they prevent demineralisation around orthodontic brackets?","volume":"26","author":"Uysal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Orthod. J."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.03.016","article-title":"Nanocomposite containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles for caries inhibition","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ce00806k","article-title":"Electrospun mats of PVP\/ACP nanofibres for remineralization of enamel tooth surfaces","volume":"13","author":"Fletcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.03.005","article-title":"Effects of CPP\u2013ACP with sodium fluoride on inhibition of bovine enamel demineralization: A quantitative assessment using micro-computed tomography","volume":"39","author":"Hamba","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_338","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effects of amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptides on enamel de- and remineralization in primary teeth: An in vitro study","volume":"79","author":"Feuerstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512458288","article-title":"Remineralization of demineralized enamel via calcium phosphate nanocomposite","volume":"91","author":"Weir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-10-3-1","article-title":"Anticariogenicity of casein phosphopeptide\u2013amorphous calcium phosphate: A review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Llena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_341","first-page":"11","article-title":"A 180-day clinical investigation of the tooth whitening efficacy of a bleaching gel with added amorphous calcium phosphate","volume":"16","author":"Giniger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700420","article-title":"Fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate","volume":"87","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350903160563","article-title":"Caries preventive effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP): A meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Yengopal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_344","first-page":"4825","article-title":"Effects of casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate solution on enamel remineralization","volume":"13","author":"Mei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rehabil. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1998.4.293","article-title":"Effects of novel calcium phosphate cements on human bone marrow fibroblastic cells","volume":"4","author":"Oreffo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820281204","article-title":"Studies on calcium-phosphate precipitation\u2014Effects of metal-ions used in dental materials","volume":"28","author":"Okamoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00061-1","article-title":"Biphasic calcium phosphate concept applied to artificial bone, implant coating and injectable bone substitute","volume":"19","author":"Daculsi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022872421333","article-title":"Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics: Preparation, properties and applications","volume":"14","author":"LeGeros","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022842404495","article-title":"Current state of the art of biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics","volume":"14","author":"Daculsi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-005-6977-4","article-title":"Studies on calcium deficient apatites structure by means of MAS-NMR spectroscopy","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AST.49.27","article-title":"Chemical diversity of apatites","volume":"49","author":"Rey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_352","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Variability of hydroxyapatite preparations","volume":"34","author":"Young","year":"1981","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02409422","article-title":"Formation and structure of Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite","volume":"33","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120386","article-title":"Determination of the Ca\/P ratio in calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite using X-ray diffraction analysis","volume":"4","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1006\/jssc.2000.9238","article-title":"Crystal structure of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite. Thermal Decomposition","volume":"160","author":"Ivanova","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.330-332.119","article-title":"Molecular and crystal structure characterization of calcium-deficient apatite","volume":"330\u2013332","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_357","first-page":"2093","article-title":"Structure and composition of metal substituted calcium deficient hydroxyapatite","volume":"31","author":"Domashevskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1021\/cg5004269","article-title":"First-principles study of structure, vibrational, and elastic properties of stoichiometric and calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite","volume":"14","author":"Bhat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1021\/jp982554i","article-title":"An analysis of hydroxyapatite surface layer formation","volume":"103","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_360","first-page":"119","article-title":"Molecular and crystal structure characterization of calcium deficient apatite","volume":"330\u2013332","author":"Honghui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.04.020","article-title":"Tetracalcium phosphate: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications","volume":"6","author":"Moseke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0109-5641(94)90048-5","article-title":"Physical and chemical properties of resin-reinforced calcium phosphate cements","volume":"10","author":"Takagi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dent Mater."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2003.01061.x","article-title":"Mechanical properties of calcium phosphate based dental filling and regeneration materials","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(02)00105-7","article-title":"Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin-based Ca\u2013PO4 cements","volume":"19","author":"Dickens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0353","article-title":"Development of a non-rigid, durable calcium phosphate cement for use in periodontal bone repair","volume":"137","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.27.787","article-title":"Histological analysis of calcium phosphate bone grafts for surgically created periodontal bone defects in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Sugawara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4327-2","article-title":"Development of fluorapatite cement for dental enamel defects repair","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.06.009","article-title":"Calcium phosphate cement with biofunctional agents and stem cell seeding for dental and craniofacial bone repair","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent Mater."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2008.10.009","article-title":"Calcium and phosphate ion releasing composite: Effect of pH on release and mechanical properties","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dent Mater."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(97)80267-1","article-title":"Histopathological study of a newly developed root canal sealer containing tetracalcium-dicalcium phosphates and 1.0% chondroitin sulfate","volume":"23","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108768102019894","article-title":"Structural derivation and crystal chemistry of apatites","volume":"59","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. B"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2002.48.1","article-title":"The crystal structure of apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl)","volume":"48","author":"Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155104","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.70.155104","article-title":"Electronic structure and bonding in calcium apatite crystals: Hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, chlorapatite, and bromapatite","volume":"70","author":"Rulis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134106","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.67.134106","article-title":"Electronic and crystallographic structure of apatites","volume":"67","author":"Stott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_375","unstructured":"(2016, December 26). Hydroxyapatite Ca5(OH)(PO4)3. Available online: http:\/\/www.chemtube3d.com\/solidstate\/SShydroxyapatite.htm."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3104761","article-title":"Effect of temperature on isolation and characterization of hydroxyapatite from Tuna (Thunnus obesus) bone","volume":"3","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512417","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/512417","article-title":"Chemical synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility study of hydroxyapatite\/chitosan phosphate nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"2009","author":"Pramanik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2009.09.020","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite from eggshell","volume":"36","author":"Gergely","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1039\/c001754j","article-title":"Investigation of the hydroxyapatite obtained as hydrolysis product of alpha-tricalcium phosphate by transmission electron microscopy","volume":"12","author":"Espanol","year":"2010","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_380","unstructured":"Neira, M.I.S. (2008). An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of a Calcium Phosphate Bone-Cement and Its Reinforcement by Hydroxyapatite Crystals of Various Particle Morphologies, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela."},{"key":"ref_381","unstructured":"Kaloop, M. (2015, January 29\u201331). Effects of synthesis techniques and initial reagents on compositions and particle morphology of hydroxyapatite. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Materials, Structures and Mechanical Engineering, Incheon, Korea. Chapter 53."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3329\/bjsir.v43i4.2240","article-title":"Synthesis of Ca-hydroxyapatite bioceramic from egg shell and its characterization","volume":"43","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1998.0015","article-title":"Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants","volume":"13","author":"Suchanek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stam.2006.11.002","article-title":"Consolidation of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder","volume":"8","author":"Ramesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2003.07.006","article-title":"Internal friction of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite","volume":"30","author":"Suzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.04.030","article-title":"Ab initio elastic properties and tensile strength of crystalline hydroxyapatite","volume":"5","author":"Ching","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.109.042","article-title":"Preparation and comprehensive characterization of a calcium hydroxyapatite reference material","volume":"109","author":"Markovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1527-2648(199910)1:2<95::AID-ADEM95>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Coating of implants with hydroxyapatite material connections between bone and metal","volume":"1","author":"Willmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1056","article-title":"Review: Material fundamentals and clinical performance of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v28.i56.10","article-title":"Hydroxyapatites and their use as coatings in dental implants: A review","volume":"28","author":"Ong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200202000-00007","article-title":"Osteoconductive coatings for total joint arthroplasty","volume":"395","author":"Geesink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x","article-title":"Bioceramics: From concept to clinic","volume":"74","author":"Hench","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02540.x","article-title":"Bioceramics","volume":"81","author":"Hench","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-009-9386-2","article-title":"Characterization of microplasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coating","volume":"18","author":"Dey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070245","article-title":"Dense hydroxyapatite inserted into postextraction sockets: A histologic and histomorphometric 20-year case report","volume":"79","author":"Mangano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2005.01.011","article-title":"Controlled drug delivery from porous hydroxyapatite grafts: An experimental and theoretical approach","volume":"25","author":"Palazzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600361","article-title":"Biomimetic hydroxyapatite-drug nanocrystals as potential bone substitutes with antitumor drug delivery properties","volume":"17","author":"Palazzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_398","first-page":"3573","article-title":"Preparation and in vivo release experiment of nanohydroxyapatite\/gentamicin drug delivery system","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rehabil. Tissue Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.014","article-title":"Polymeric micelle template synthesis of hydroxyapatite hollow nanoparticles for a drug delivery system","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008927502523","article-title":"Polishing and whitening properties of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite","volume":"12","author":"Niwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_401","first-page":"541","article-title":"Tooth whitening effect of toothpastes containing nano-hydroxyapatite","volume":"309\u2013311","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.05.007","article-title":"Infiltration of demineralized dentin with silica and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Besinis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2005.02.064","article-title":"Self-assembly of synthetic hydroxyapatite nanorods into an enamel prism-like structure","volume":"288","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411981533917","article-title":"Calcium phosphate coatings for medical implants","volume":"212","author":"Wolke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_405","unstructured":"Hughes, J.M., Kohn, M., and Rakovan, J. (2002). Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological and Materials Importance, Mineralogical Society of America."},{"key":"ref_406","first-page":"74","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A review of preparation methodologies","volume":"2","author":"Ferraz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_407","first-page":"65","article-title":"Coralline hydroxyapatite bone graft substitute: A review of experimental studies and biomedical applications","volume":"2","author":"Damien","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2009.12.003","article-title":"Classification of osseointegrated implant surfaces: Materials, chemistry and topography","volume":"28","author":"Ehrenfest","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.12.004","article-title":"In vivo biofunctionalization of titanium patient-specific implants with nano hydroxyapatite and other nano calcium phosphate coatings: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Bral","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.12.002","article-title":"Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase metals: Ti, Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo","volume":"25","author":"Webster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, B., Dhirenda, K., and Ashok, K. (2009). Advanced Biomaterials: Fundamentals, Processing, and Applications, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470891315"},{"key":"ref_412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2002.116","article-title":"Nanostructured ceramics for biomedical implants","volume":"2","author":"Catledge","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00075-2","article-title":"Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics","volume":"21","author":"Webster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511422911","article-title":"Genetic responses to nanostructured calcium phosphate-coated implants","volume":"90","author":"Jimbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-4933-2","article-title":"Nanocrystalline spherical hydroxyapatite granules for bone repair: In vitro evaluation with osteoblast-like cells and osteoclasts","volume":"24","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.163","article-title":"Calcium phosphate-based composite nanoparticles in bioimaging and therapeutic delivery applications","volume":"4","author":"Kester","year":"2012","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1021\/nn102324e","article-title":"Nanoparticulate alternatives for drug delivery","volume":"4","author":"Adair","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NANO.0000034721.06473.23","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a novel gene carrier","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-007-9239-1","article-title":"Exploiting the high-affinity phosphonate-hydroxyapatite nanoparticle interaction for delivery of radiation and drugs","volume":"10","author":"Ong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.1021\/la804274q","article-title":"Interfacial interactions between calcined hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and substrates","volume":"25","author":"Okada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200411000-00028","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite-coated prostheses in total hip and knee arthroplasty","volume":"86","author":"Dumbleton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(86)90071-2","article-title":"Macropore tissue ingrowth: A quantitative and qualitative study on hydroxyapatite ceramic","volume":"7","author":"Grote","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1021\/la050029m","article-title":"Synthesis of high surface area hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by mixed surfactant-mediated approach","volume":"21","author":"Uota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_424","unstructured":"Mandler, D., Eliaz, N., Geuli, O., and Metoki, N. (2016). Electrochemically Driven Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Coating of Medical Implants. (62\/380,810), U.S. Provisional Patent Application."},{"key":"ref_425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8003","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201603575","article-title":"Electrochemically driven hydroxyapatite nanoparticles coating of medical implants","volume":"26","author":"Geuli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_426","unstructured":"Nalwa, H.S. (2005). Handbook of Nanostructured Biomaterials and their Applications in Nanobiotechnology, American Scientific Publishers."},{"key":"ref_427","first-page":"595","article-title":"Nanostructured biomaterials","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Nalwa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02529.x","article-title":"Novel preparation method of hydroxyapatite fibers","volume":"81","author":"Ota","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2004.09.069","article-title":"Aqueous mediated synthesis of bioresorbable nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite","volume":"274","author":"Murugan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.016","article-title":"Bioresorbable composite bone paste using polysaccharide based nano-hydroxyapatite","volume":"25","author":"Murugan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/11\/001","article-title":"Structural characterization of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and adhesion of pre-osteoblast cells","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0019-8","article-title":"Comparison of periodontal ligament cells responses to dense and nanophase hydroxyapatite","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008992807888","article-title":"Bioactive nanocrystalline sol-gel hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"10","author":"Chai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.01.051","article-title":"Size-controlled hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as self-organized organic-inorganic composite materials","volume":"26","author":"Rusu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199801)10:1<49::AID-ADMA49>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Nanosized hydroxyapatite precipitation from homogeneous calcium\/citrate\/phosphate solutions using microwave and conventional heating","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018586128257","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of thermally stable nanohydroxyapatite","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(02)00593-3","article-title":"Hydrothermal preparation of fibrous apatite and apatite sheet","volume":"151","author":"Ioku","year":"2002","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011407814795","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nano sol prepared via a mechanochemical route","volume":"3","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00817.x","article-title":"Preparation of hydroxyapatite lath-like particles using high-speed dispersing equipment","volume":"84","author":"Koumoulidis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014250813564","article-title":"Rapid sintering of hydroxyapatite by microwave processing","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200602333","article-title":"Morphology-enhanced low-temperature sintering of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_442","first-page":"352","article-title":"Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite ceramics produced by low-temperature sintering after high-pressure treatment","volume":"418","author":"Fomin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Doklady Akademii Nauk"},{"key":"ref_443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2008.04.041","article-title":"Nanocrystalline apatites: From powders to biomaterials","volume":"190","author":"Drouet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.04.012","article-title":"Synthesis methods for nanosized hydroxyapatite with diverse structures","volume":"9","author":"Khorasani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ce00835d","article-title":"Synthesis of element-substituted hydroxyapatite with controllable morphology and chemical composition using calcium silicate as precursor","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1039\/c1nr10334b","article-title":"Facile synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, nanowires and hollow nano-structured microspheres using similar structured hard-precursors","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1745","article-title":"Effects of four types of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with different nanocrystal morphologies and sizes on apoptosis in rat osteoblasts","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.07.023","article-title":"Size effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblast-like cells","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.07.002","article-title":"Protein expression profiles in osteoblasts in response to differentially shaped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.09.051","article-title":"Injectable porous hydroxyapatite microparticles as a new carrier for protein and lipophilic drugs","volume":"110","author":"Mizushima","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.a.2007.0102","article-title":"Non-viral bone morphogenetic protein 2 transfection of rat dental pulp stem cells using calcium phosphate nanoparticles as carriers","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8385","DOI":"10.1039\/b914379c","article-title":"Smart delivery of antitumoral platinum complexes from biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals","volume":"19","author":"Iafisco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.11.017","article-title":"Calcium phosphate ceramic systems in growth factor and drug delivery for bone tissue engineering: A review","volume":"8","author":"Bose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.09.003","article-title":"Biphasic, triphasic and multiphasic calcium orthophosphates","volume":"8","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_455","first-page":"22","article-title":"Histological assessment of periodontal osseous defects following implantation of hydroxyapatite and biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: A case report","volume":"3","author":"Ellinger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3020815","article-title":"Biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications","volume":"3","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayan, R., Colombo, P., Singh, D., and Salem, J. (2010). Advance in Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics II, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470584354"},{"key":"ref_458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.035","article-title":"A comparative study of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics for human mesenchymal stem-cell-induced bone formation","volume":"26","author":"Arinzeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10544","article-title":"Effect of biphasic calcium phosphate on human macrophage functions in vitro","volume":"65","author":"Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.03.085","article-title":"Comparative study on in vivo response of porous calcium carbonate composite ceramic and biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.021","article-title":"Bone formation of a porous Gelatin-Pectin-biphasic calcium phosphate composite in presence of BMP-2 and VEGF","volume":"76","author":"Amirian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2013.811512","article-title":"Poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid)\/biphasic calcium phosphate composite coating on a porous scaffold to deliver simvastatin for bone tissue engineering","volume":"21","author":"Sadiasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb6030708","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphate-containing biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials for biomedical applications","volume":"6","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb3020432","article-title":"Bioactive and biodegradable nanocomposites and hybrid biomaterials for bone regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Allo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliaz, N. (2012). Degradation of Implant Materials, Springer Science + Business Media. Chapter 9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3942-4"},{"key":"ref_466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731412439555","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731412439555","article-title":"Polymeric additives to enhance the functional properties of calcium phosphate cements","volume":"3","author":"Perez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.12.074","article-title":"Construction and properties of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)\/calcium phosphate cement composite pellets with microspheres-in-pellet structure for bone repair","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)91125-I","article-title":"Non-decay type fast-setting calcium phosphate cement: Composite with sodium alginate","volume":"16","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.05.123","article-title":"Mechanical reinforcement of injectable calcium phosphate cement\/silk fibroin (SF) composite by mineralized SF","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.05.015","article-title":"Strong, macroporous, and in situ-setting calcium phosphate cement-layered structures","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.01.008","article-title":"Calcium phosphate cements as drug delivery materials","volume":"64","author":"Ginebra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.007","article-title":"Calcium phosphate cements as bone drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"113","author":"Ginebra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00468-3","article-title":"Skeletal drug delivery systems","volume":"206","author":"Jain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.09.081","article-title":"Porous calcium phosphate-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid composite bone cement: A viable tunable drug delivery system","volume":"59","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35463","article-title":"Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of calcium phosphate composite scaffolds containing simvastatin-loaded PLGA microspheres for bone tissue engineering","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0001","article-title":"Reduction of inflammatory responses and enhancement of extracellular matrix formation by vanillin-incorporated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-0017-2","article-title":"Injectable magnesium-doped brushite cement for controlled drug release application","volume":"51","author":"Saleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.06.029","article-title":"Development of multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced monetite bionanocomposite cements for orthopedic applications","volume":"33","author":"Boroujeni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.06.027","article-title":"Sustained release of small molecules from carbon nanotube-reinforced monetite calcium phosphate cement","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1219-4","article-title":"Optimum mechanical behavior of calcium phosphate cement\/hydroxyl group functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/bovine serum albumin composite using metaheuristic algorithms","volume":"24","author":"Sadollah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.04.012","article-title":"Novel tricalcium silicate\/magnesium phosphate composite bone cement having high compressive strength, in vitro bioactivity and cytocompatibility","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2016.04.011","article-title":"Effect of phase composition of calcium silicate phosphate component on properties of brushite based composite cements","volume":"117","author":"Sopcak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.09.036","article-title":"Dual-setting brushite\u2013silica gel cements","volume":"11","author":"Geffers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8558","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB01423A","article-title":"Preparation of an rhBMP-2 loaded mesoporous bioactive glass-calcium phosphate cement porous composite scaffold for rapid bone tissue regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.06.022","article-title":"Controlling the biological function of calcium phosphate bone substitutes with drugs","volume":"8","author":"Verron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2010.05.003","article-title":"Calcium phosphate biomaterials as bone drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"15","author":"Verron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1241","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 incorporation in a calcium phosphate bone cement\u2014Material properties and release characteristics","volume":"59","author":"Blom","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_488","first-page":"E737","article-title":"The incorporation of platelet-rich plasma into calcium phosphate cement enhances bone regeneration in osteoporosis","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Phys."},{"key":"ref_489","first-page":"549","article-title":"The controversy surrounding bone morphogenetic proteins in the spine: A review of current research","volume":"87","author":"Hustedt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S343","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.114813","article-title":"Complications due to the use of BMP\/INFUSE in spine surgery: The evidence continues to mount","volume":"4","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.07.022","article-title":"Injectable calcium phosphate\u2013alginate\u2013chitosan microencapsulated MC3T3-E1 cell paste for bone tissue engineering in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Qiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328210389503","article-title":"Functionalized bridged silsesquioxane-based nanostructured microspheres: Performance as novel drug-delivery devices in bone tissue-related applications","volume":"26","author":"Romeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.01.043","article-title":"Development of composite scaffolds in the system of gelatin-calcium phosphate whiskers\/fibrous spherulites for bone tissue engineering","volume":"41","author":"Mesgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576532","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/576532","article-title":"Collagen\/beta-tricalcium phosphate based synthetic bone grafts via dehydrothermal processing","volume":"2015","author":"Sarikaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604237103","article-title":"Cooperative deformation of mineral and collagen in bone at the nanoscale","volume":"103","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1428","article-title":"Sacrificial bonds and hidden length dissipate energy as mineralized fibrils separate during bone fracture","volume":"4","author":"Fantner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6409546","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6409546","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the mechanical properties of two calcium phosphate\/collagen composite materials and their osteogenic effects on adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7201","DOI":"10.1039\/c1sm05307h","article-title":"Bone-like peptide\/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites assembled with multi-level hierarchical structures","volume":"7","author":"Ryu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201306198","article-title":"Amyloid-hydroxyapatite bone biomimetic composites","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.05.010","article-title":"Composite of porous starch-silk fibroin nanofiber-calcium phosphate for bone regeneration","volume":"41","author":"Hadisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703764664800","article-title":"Calcium phosphate-chitosan composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010605)55:3<304::AID-JBM1018>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of macroporous chitosan\/calcium phosphate composite scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.023","article-title":"Effects of different crosslinking methods on the properties of collagen-calcium phosphate composite materials","volume":"74","author":"Sionkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1021\/nl901582f","article-title":"Nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in mineral content for mimicking the tendon-to-bone insertion site","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0883911505051854","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity of amorphous calcium phosphate composites","volume":"20","author":"Simon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bioact. Compat. Polym."},{"key":"ref_506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.089","article-title":"Bone healing by sterilizable calcium phosphate tetrapods eluting osteogenic molecules","volume":"34","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(91)90010-8","article-title":"Bonding osteogenesis in coralline hydroxyapatite combined with bone marrow cells","volume":"12","author":"Okumura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.11.055","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of calcium phosphate composite scaffolds containing BMP-VEGF loaded PLGA microspheres for the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00199-9","article-title":"Development of a calcium phosphate-gelatin composite as a bone substitute and its use in drug release","volume":"20","author":"Korkusuz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.03.103","article-title":"Osteogenic activity of cyclodextrin-encapsulated doxycycline in a calcium phosphate PCL and PLGA composite","volume":"64","author":"Trajano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10312","article-title":"Calcium phosphate\/chitosan composite scaffolds for controlled in vitro antibiotic drug release","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2009.10.009","article-title":"Nano-structured composites based on calcium phosphate for cellular delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_513","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701509010056","article-title":"A review paper on biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Biomed. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_514","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2013.12.215","article-title":"Calcium phosphate glass\/MgF2 double layered composite coating for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy","volume":"591","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2012.10.130","article-title":"Fabrication of P2O5\u2013CaO\u2013Na2O glasses doped with magnesium oxide for artificial bone applications","volume":"39","author":"Thonglem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.06.015","article-title":"Bioactivity and corrosion properties of gelatin-containing and strontium-doped calcium phosphate composite coating","volume":"282","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_517","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2015.11.029","article-title":"Electrolytic calcium phosphate\/zirconia composite coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy for enhancing corrosion resistance and bioactivity","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00013","article-title":"Improvement of the biodegradation property and biomineralization ability of magnesium-hydroxyapatite composites with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"2","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00162-5","article-title":"Porous ZrO2 bone scaffold coated with hydroxyapatite with fluorapatite intermediate layer","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.02.177","article-title":"Calcium phosphate-calcium titanate composite coatings for orthopedic applications","volume":"42","author":"Arce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.06.019","article-title":"A composite coating by electrolysis-induced collagen self-assembly and calcium phosphate mineralization","volume":"26","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_522","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00252-1","article-title":"Proteins incorporated into biomimetically prepared calcium phosphate coatings modulate their mechanical strength and dissolution rate","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.08.003","article-title":"Effects of protein incorporation on calcium phosphate coating","volume":"29","author":"Leonor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.03.019","article-title":"In vitro responses to electrosprayed alkaline phosphatase\/calcium phosphate composite coatings","volume":"5","author":"Leeuwenburgh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.029","article-title":"The formation of an antibacterial agent-apatite composite coating on a polymer surface using a metastable calcium phosphate solution","volume":"27","author":"Oyane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.09.021","article-title":"Amorphous calcium phosphate nanospheres\/polylactide composite coated tantalum scaffold: Facile preparation, fast biomineralization and subchondral bone defect repair application","volume":"123","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.09.080","article-title":"Graphene oxide\/hydroxyapatite composite coatings fabricated by electrophoretic nanotechnology for biological applications","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2014.11.078","article-title":"Bioactive hydroxyapatite\/graphene composite coating and its corrosion stability in simulated body fluid","volume":"624","author":"Tsui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.03.182","article-title":"Parallel nano-assembling of a multifunctional GO\/HapNP coating on ultrahigh-purity magnesium for biodegradable implants","volume":"345","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-014-0069-2","article-title":"Nanostructural characteristics of vacuum cold-sprayed hydroxyapatite\/graphene-nanosheet coatings for biomedical applications","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.09.088","article-title":"Biomimetic synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite\/graphene oxide hybrid coating on Mg alloy with enhanced corrosion resistance","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb20550a","article-title":"Fast preparation of nano-hydroxyapatite\/superhydrophilic reduced graphene oxide composites for bioactive applications","volume":"1","author":"Zanin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_533","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10218","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR07317G","article-title":"Assisted deposition of nano-hydroxyapatite onto exfoliated carbon nanotube oxide scaffolds","volume":"7","author":"Zanin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940903","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/940903","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite-functionalized graphene: A new hybrid nanomaterial","volume":"2014","author":"Salas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.08.020","article-title":"Integration and bioactivity of hydroxyapatite grown on carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide","volume":"79","author":"Benito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_536","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN00622H","article-title":"Facile and controllable synthesis of hydroxyapatite\/graphene hybrid materials with enhanced sensing performance towards ammonia","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_537","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.03.024","article-title":"Self-assembled peptide nanofibers on graphene oxide as a novel nanohybrid for biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2012.08.077","article-title":"In-situ deposition of hydroxyapatite on graphene nanosheets","volume":"48","author":"Neelgund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_539","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR01107H","article-title":"Graphene and hydroxyapatite self-assemble into homogeneous, free standing nanocomposite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25398","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA02821J","article-title":"Biomimetic graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite composites via in situ mineralization and hierarchical assembly","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1039\/C3BM60192G","article-title":"The synergistic effect of a hybrid graphene oxide-chitosan system and biomimetic mineralization on osteoblast functions","volume":"2","author":"Depan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_542","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.08.016","article-title":"Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)\/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_543","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliaz, N. (2012). Degradation of Implant Materials, Springer Science + Business Media. Chapter 18.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3942-4"},{"key":"ref_544","first-page":"52","article-title":"The use of functionally gradient materials in medicine","volume":"58","author":"Narayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008901428552","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of bioactive monolayer and functionally graded coatings","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_546","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008910213166","article-title":"Porosity control of hydroxyapatite implants","volume":"10","author":"Vaz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_547","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(03)00580-X","article-title":"Functionally graded materials for biomedical applications","volume":"362","author":"Pompe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_548","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00191-6","article-title":"Mechanical properties and in vitro cell compatibility of hydroxyapatite ceramics with graded pore structure","volume":"23","author":"Werner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.08.047","article-title":"Geometrically structured implants for cranial reconstruction made of biodegradable polyesters and calcium phosphate\/calcium carbonate","volume":"25","author":"Schiller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/mawe.200600006","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics of functionally graded biodegradable implants for skull bone reconstruction","volume":"37","author":"Neuking","year":"2006","journal-title":"Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik"},{"key":"ref_551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.08.055","article-title":"Performance of functionally graded implants of polylactides and calcium phosphate-calcium carbonate in an ovine model for computer assisted craniectomy and cranioplasty","volume":"28","author":"Eufinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_552","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35038","article-title":"Calcium phosphate scaffolds mimicking the gradient architecture of native long bones","volume":"102","author":"Lindner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_553","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00277083","article-title":"A functionally gradient material produced by a powder metallurgical process","volume":"12","author":"Bishop","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_554","first-page":"595","article-title":"Mechanical properties of functional gradient materials of titanium-apatite and titanium zirconia for dental use","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-006-5003-9","article-title":"Thermal spraying of functionally graded calcium phosphate coatings for biomedical implants","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"ref_556","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00319-7","article-title":"Functionally graded calcium phosphate coatings produced by ion beam sputtering\/mixing deposition","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_557","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2002.1003952","article-title":"RF magnetron sputtering deposition of bioactive Ca-P-based coatings on Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloy","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.09.027","article-title":"A study on functionally graded HA coatings processed using ion beam assisted deposition with in situ heat treatment","volume":"200","author":"Rabiei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_559","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.037","article-title":"A novel technique for processing functionally graded HA coatings","volume":"27","author":"Rabiei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.05.013","article-title":"Deposition and investigation of functionally graded calcium phosphate coatings on titanium","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.036","article-title":"Microstructure, mechanical properties, and biological response to functionally graded HA coatings","volume":"27","author":"Rabiei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_562","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00092-2","article-title":"Effect of TiO2\u2013Ag2O additives on the formation of calcium phosphate based functionally graded bioceramics","volume":"21","author":"Manjubala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_563","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.09.016","article-title":"Compositionally graded hydroxyapatite\/tricalcium phosphate coating on Ti by laser and induction plasma","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_564","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.10.079","article-title":"Designing, fabrication and characterization of nanostructured functionally graded HAp\/BCP ceramics","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.01.069","article-title":"Functionally graded HA\u2013TiO2 nanostructured composite coating on Ti\u20136Al\u20134V substrate via electrophoretic deposition","volume":"265","author":"Farnoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(02)00080-1","article-title":"Modulus and hardness evaluations of sintered bioceramic powders and functionally graded bioactive composites by nano-indentation technique","volume":"338","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_567","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33034","article-title":"Microstructural design of functionally graded coatings composed of suspension plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass","volume":"102","author":"Cattini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_568","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008915510976","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of functional gradient materials using Indian corals","volume":"11","author":"Manjubala","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_569","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.002","article-title":"Functionally graded hydroxyapatite coatings doped with antibacterial components","volume":"6","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.07.008","article-title":"Fabrication of a model continuously graded co-electrospun mesh for regeneration of the ligament-bone interface","volume":"7","author":"Samavedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.07.008","article-title":"Response of bone marrow stromal cells to graded co-electrospun scaffolds and its implications for engineering the ligament-bone interface","volume":"33","author":"Samavedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.022","article-title":"Functionally graded electrospun polycaprolactone and \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate nanocomposites for tissue engineering applications","volume":"29","author":"Erisken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.03.017","article-title":"Osteochondral repair using the combination of fibroblast growth factor and amorphous calcium phosphate\/poly(l-lactic acid) hybrid materials","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_574","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e3182425c62","article-title":"Dental implant failure associated with bacterial infection and long-term bisphosphonate usage: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_575","first-page":"287","article-title":"Prosthetic joint infection","volume":"3","author":"Virk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Opt. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280107.x","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of peri-implantitis","volume":"28","author":"Mombelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"ref_577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliaz, N. (2012). Degradation of Implant Materials, Springer Science + Business Media. Chapter 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3942-4"},{"key":"ref_578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kienapfel, H., and K\u00fchn, K.D. (2009). The Infected Implant, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92836-2"},{"key":"ref_579","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3923\/jm.2009.158.163","article-title":"Study of bacteria isolated from orthopedic implant infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern","volume":"4","author":"Khosravi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_580","unstructured":"Ghim, W. (2007). Local Antibiotics in Arthroplasty: State of the Art from an Interdisciplinary Point of View, Georg Thieme."},{"key":"ref_581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200666080-00005","article-title":"Antimicrobial agents in orthopaedic surgery: Prophylaxis and treatment","volume":"66","author":"Trampuz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.88B2.17058","article-title":"The management of peri-prosthetic infection in total joint arthroplasty","volume":"88","author":"Toms","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200704000-00014","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of antimicrobial-coated devices","volume":"89","author":"Darouiche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_584","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.04.011","article-title":"The effectiveness of the controlled release of gentamicin from polyelectrolyte multilayers in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rabbit bone model","volume":"31","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_585","unstructured":"Moojen, D.J.F. (2010). Implant-Related Infections: Application of PCR-Based Diagnostics and New Antimicrobial Strategies in Prevention and Treatment. [Ph.D. Thesis, University Medical Center Utrecht]."},{"key":"ref_586","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2006.09.009","article-title":"Treatment of infected hip arthroplasty with antibiotic-impregnated calcium hydroxyapatite","volume":"23","author":"Sudo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B5.0810886","article-title":"Intraoperative bacterial contamination in operations for joint replacement","volume":"81","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199611000-00025","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotics alone for orthopaedic device related infections","volume":"332","author":"Isiklar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_589","first-page":"243","article-title":"Prosthetic joint infections: Update in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"135","author":"Trampuz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-011-0065-7","article-title":"Calcium phosphate ceramics in drug delivery","volume":"63","author":"Bose","year":"2011","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TB00549J","article-title":"Drug loaded phosphate glass\/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for orthopedic applications","volume":"2","author":"Govindan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_592","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-0163-9","article-title":"A new concept of gentamicin loaded HAP\/TCP bone substitute for prophylactic action: In vitro release validation","volume":"19","author":"Laurent","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_593","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3749-6","article-title":"Multifunctional implant coatings providing possibilities for fast antibiotics loading with subsequent slow release","volume":"20","author":"Brohede","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_594","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.03.013","article-title":"Pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite on nanostructured titanium towards drug eluting implants","volume":"33","author":"Rajesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00179-7","article-title":"In vitro\u2013in vivo characterization of gentamicin bone implants","volume":"83","author":"Baro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_596","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000162","article-title":"Electrochemically deposited gentamicin-loaded calcium phosphate coating for bone tissue integration","volume":"35","author":"Altomare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_597","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.201500143","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and in vitro assessment of ibuprofen loaded calcium phosphate\/gypsum bone cements","volume":"51","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_598","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5894-9","article-title":"Ibuprofen loaded porous calcium phosphate nanospheres for skeletal drug delivery system","volume":"47","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_599","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.10.004","article-title":"Calcium phosphate drug delivery system: Influence of local zoledronate release on bone implant osteointegration","volume":"36","author":"Peter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600830230","article-title":"A novel skeletal drug-delivery system using self-setting calcium phosphate cement. 4. Effects of the mixing solution volume on the drug-release rate of heterogeneous aspirin-loaded cement","volume":"83","author":"Otsuka","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199802)39:2<308::AID-JBM19>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Effects of added antibiotics on the basic properties of anti-washout-type fast-setting calcium phosphate cement","volume":"39","author":"Takechi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_602","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00252-0","article-title":"Setting characteristics and mechanical behaviour of a calcium phosphate bone cement containing tetracycline","volume":"22","author":"Ratier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_603","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31520","article-title":"Controlled release of tetracycline from biodegradable \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate composites","volume":"92","author":"Luginbuehl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00190-1","article-title":"Calcium phosphate ceramic coatings as carriers of vancomycin","volume":"18","author":"Radin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00436-1","article-title":"Association of vancomycin and calcium phosphate by dynamic compaction: In vitro characterization and microbiological activity","volume":"22","author":"Gautier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_606","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.06.007","article-title":"Electrochemical growth of composite hydroxyapatite coatings for controlled release","volume":"276","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_607","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-12-05-0065","article-title":"A review of local antibiotic implants and applications to veterinary orthopedic surgery","volume":"26","author":"Hayes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317268978","article-title":"Infection of orthopedic implants and the use of antibiotic-loaded bone cements","volume":"72","author":"Neut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_609","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(01)00331-9","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and in-vitro release of gentamicin from coralline hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite microspheres","volume":"49","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31192","article-title":"Covalent coating of hydroxyapatite by keratin stabilizes gentamicin release","volume":"89","author":"Belcarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/mawe.200400841","article-title":"Controlled release of gentamicin from biomimetic calcium phosphate in vitro. Comparison of four different incorporation methods","volume":"35","author":"Tadic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik"},{"key":"ref_612","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00066-2","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and in vitro release of gentamicin from coralline hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite microspheres","volume":"23","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074","article-title":"The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants","volume":"34","author":"Goodman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_614","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.06.011","article-title":"Incorporation of different antibiotics into carbonated hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium implants, release and antibiotic efficacy","volume":"99","author":"Stigter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00157-6","article-title":"Incorporation of tobramycin into biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on titanium","volume":"23","author":"Stigter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_616","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.10.186","article-title":"In situ potentiostatic deposition of calcium phosphate with gentamicin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on titanium alloy surfaces","volume":"222","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_617","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.05.020","article-title":"Antibiotic-eluting medical devices for various applications","volume":"130","author":"Zilberman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201601954","article-title":"Quickly manufactured, drug eluting, calcium phosphate composite coating","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_619","first-page":"910686","article-title":"A pharmacological and toxicological profile of silver as an antimicrobial agent in medical devices","volume":"2010","author":"Lansdown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000093928","article-title":"Silver in health care: Antimicrobial effects and safety in use","volume":"33","author":"Lansdown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201400245","article-title":"Pulse electrochemical synthesis of spherical hydroxyapatite and silver nanoparticles mediated by the polymerization of polypyrrole on metallic implants for biomedical applications","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_622","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.01.136","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan-silver\/hydroxyapatite composite coatings on TiO2 nanotube for biomedical applications","volume":"332","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7471","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)10981-3","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles in a hydroxyapatite coating applied by atmospheric plasma spray","volume":"9","author":"Fraceto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.07.027","article-title":"Antibacterial and bioactivity of silver substituted hydroxyapatite\/TiO2 nanotube composite coatings on titanium","volume":"314","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031010","DOI":"10.1116\/1.4889977","article-title":"Preventing infection of osseointegrated transcutaneous implants: Incorporation of silver into preconditioned fibronectin-functionalized hydroxyapatite coatings suppresses Staphylococcus aureus colonization while promoting viable fibroblast growth in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Pendegrass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_626","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8580","DOI":"10.1021\/am501428e","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles and growth factors incorporated hydroxyapatite coatings on metallic implant surfaces for enhancement of osteoinductivity and antibacterial properties","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_627","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.057","article-title":"Synthesis of new antibacterial composite coating for titanium based on highly ordered nanoporous silica and silver nanoparticles","volume":"45","author":"Massa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_628","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2013.07.047","article-title":"Investigation of silver impact on hydroxyapatite\/lignin coatings electrodeposited on titanium","volume":"142","author":"Matic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_629","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-013-0653-5","article-title":"Electrochemical and antibacterial performance of CoCrMo alloy coated with hydroxyapatite or silver nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Ionita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.03.006","article-title":"Single-step electrochemical deposition of antimicrobial orthopaedic coatings based on a bioactive glass\/chitosan\/nano-silver composite system","volume":"9","author":"Pishbin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1021\/jp305252a","article-title":"Corrosion stability and bioactivity in simulated body fluid of silver\/hydroxyapatite and silver\/hydroxyapatite\/lignin coatings on titanium obtained by electrophoretic deposition","volume":"117","author":"Palcevskis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_632","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.03.158","article-title":"Electrochemical depositions of fluorohydroxyapatite doped by Cu2+, Zn2+, Ag+ on stainless steel substrates","volume":"258","author":"Bir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_633","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.08.033","article-title":"A high-throughput electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evaluation of bioresponsibility of the titanium microelectrode array integrated with hydroxyapatite and silver","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_634","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1152-6","article-title":"Merit and demerit effects of silver nanoparticles in the bioperformance of an electrodeposited hydroxyapatite: Nanosilver composite coating","volume":"14","author":"Ionita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21543","article-title":"Development of a hydroxyapatite coating containing silver for the prevention of peri-prosthetic infection","volume":"30","author":"Ghani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_636","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0366","article-title":"Nano-Ag-loaded hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium surfaces by electrochemical deposition","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_637","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Preparation of HA\/Ag composite coatings by pulse electrochemical deposition on titanium substrate","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rare Met. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_638","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2008.01.022","article-title":"Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite-silver-chitosan nanocomposite coatings","volume":"202","author":"Pang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_639","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2007.08.063","article-title":"Silver release from hydroxyapatite self-assembling calcium-phosphate glasses","volume":"354","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.078","article-title":"An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of nanoparticulate silver bone cement","volume":"25","author":"Alt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17076","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA12118J","article-title":"Osteoblastic cell responses and antibacterial efficacy of Cu\/Zn co-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings on pure titanium using electrodeposition method","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_642","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/31\/315101","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of three-dimensional nanostructured porous granules of hydroxyapatite and zinc oxide nanoparticles\u2014An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"26","author":"Grenho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_643","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392007000100005","article-title":"Effect of sterilization on the properties of CDHA-OCP-\u03b2-TCP biomaterial","volume":"10","author":"Manent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_644","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3<378::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of gamma radiation and low temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization on the molecular structure, fatigue resistance, and wear behavior of UHMWPE","volume":"40","author":"Goldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00412-4","article-title":"Impact of sterilization on the porous design and cell behavior in collagen sponges prepared for tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Noah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_646","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.10031","article-title":"Effects of various sterilization methods on the setting and mechanical properties of apatite cement","volume":"69","author":"Takechi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199801)39:1<16::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Influence of sterilization by gamma irradiation and of thermal annealing on creep of hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composites","volume":"39","author":"Suwanprateeb","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_648","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820250902","article-title":"Dental implant materials. I. Some effects of preparative procedures on surface topography","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_649","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008949428203","article-title":"Chemical transformation of some biologically relevant calcium phosphates in aqueous media during a steam sterilization","volume":"11","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(2001)58:1<127::AID-JBM190>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Effects of steam sterilization on thermogelling chitosan-based gels","volume":"58","author":"Jarry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1996.tb05926.x","article-title":"The effect of steam sterilization on the properties of set dental gypsum models","volume":"41","author":"Whyte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_652","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.10.011","article-title":"Zinc in calcium phosphate mediates bone induction: In vitro and in vivo model","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_653","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02711186","article-title":"Development of a fully injectable calcium phosphate cement for orthopedic and dental applications","volume":"26","author":"Komath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_654","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-015-5617-x","article-title":"Influences of the steam sterilization on the properties of calcium phosphate porous bioceramics","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0487","article-title":"Relevance of the sterilization-induced effects on the properties of different hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and assessment of the osteoblastic cell response","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_656","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.46.1701","article-title":"Gamma-radiation effect on morphology and properties of TTCP\/DCPA-derived calcium phosphate cement","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"ref_657","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19971215)37:4<457::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Tissue response to fast-setting calcium phosphate cement in bone","volume":"37","author":"Miyamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_658","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00082-0","article-title":"Study of implantable calcium phosphate systems for the slow release of methotrexate","volume":"23","author":"Lebugle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_659","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63S","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00136-2","article-title":"Influence of sterilization on injectable bone biomaterials","volume":"25","author":"Zahraoui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017","article-title":"How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?","volume":"27","author":"Kokubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_661","first-page":"9","article-title":"The influence of simulated body fluid composition on carbonated hydroxyapatite formation","volume":"46","author":"Helebrant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"key":"ref_662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10482","article-title":"Preparation and assessment of revised simulated body fluids","volume":"65","author":"Oyane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_663","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820240607","article-title":"Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W3","volume":"24","author":"Kokubo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_664","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270405","article-title":"Solution effects on the surface reactions of a bioactive glass","volume":"27","author":"Filgueiras","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3363\/prb1992.17.0_119","article-title":"Round-robin test of SBF for in vitro measurement of apatite-forming ability of synthetic materials","volume":"17","author":"Takadama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phosphorus Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_666","unstructured":"(2015). Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices, ASTM International. ASTM F2129-15."},{"key":"ref_667","unstructured":"Kamachi Mudali, U., and Raj, B. (2008). Corrosion Science and Technology, Alpha Science International. Chapter 12."},{"key":"ref_668","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.07.006","article-title":"Influence of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate granule size and morphology on tissue reaction in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Ghanaati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_669","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.01.040","article-title":"The effect of the microstructure of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate on the metabolism of subsequently formed bone tissue","volume":"28","author":"Okuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.023","article-title":"A tissue engineering approach to bone repair in large animal models and in clinical practice","volume":"28","author":"Cancedda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/6\/065006","article-title":"Injectable nanoamorphous calcium phosphate based in situ gel systems for the treatment of periapical lesions","volume":"10","author":"Mostafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_672","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90264-X","article-title":"Long-term in vivo study of plasma sprayed coatings on titanium alloys of tetracalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and alpha-tricalcium phosphate","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_673","first-page":"191","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of long term implanted Ca-P particulate materials into rabbit bones","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Sedel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioceramics"},{"key":"ref_674","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2008.07.001","article-title":"Pullout strength of pedicle screws augmented with particulate calcium phosphate: An experimental study","volume":"9","author":"Hashemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2010.01.001","article-title":"Influence of nanoscale surface topography on protein adsorption and cellular response","volume":"5","author":"Lord","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_676","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2008.05.006","article-title":"Effects of artificial micro- and nano-structured surfaces on cell behaviour","volume":"191","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz."},{"key":"ref_677","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.02.018","article-title":"Effects of trabecular calcium phosphate scaffolds on stress signaling in osteoblast precursor cells","volume":"28","author":"Appleford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_678","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(99)80039-5","article-title":"Initial anchoring and proliferation of fibroblast L-929 cells on unstable surface of calcium phosphate ceramics","volume":"87","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_679","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-013-1122-0","article-title":"In vitro biocompatibility of chitosan\/hyaluronic acid-containing calcium phosphate bone cements","volume":"37","author":"Hesaraki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.12.001","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the surface bioactivity of a calcium phosphate coated magnesium alloy","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.20021","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite accelerates differentiation and suppresses growth of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts","volume":"67","author":"Shu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_682","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1999.100401.x","article-title":"Highly crystalline MP-1 hydroxylapatite coating. Part I: In vitro characterization and comparison to other plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings","volume":"10","author":"Burgess","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_683","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(93)90216-O","article-title":"Resorption of sintered synthetic hydroxyapatite by osteoclasts in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Gomi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_684","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(92)90008-C","article-title":"Osteoblasts on hydroxyapatite, alumina and bone surfaces in vitro: Morphology during the first 2 h of attachment","volume":"13","author":"Malik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30851","article-title":"In vitro testing of calcium phosphate (HA, TCP, and biphasic HA-TCP) whiskers","volume":"78","author":"Jalota","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_686","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.02.017","article-title":"Ectopic bone formation by microporous calcium phosphate ceramic particles in sheep muscles","volume":"36","author":"Daculsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_687","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1999.100402.x","article-title":"Highly crystalline MP-1 hydroxylapatite coating. Part II: In vivo performance on endosseous root implants in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Burgess","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(20000305)49:3<328::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow stromal cells loaded onto porous hydroxyapatite ceramic accelerate bone repair in critical-size defects of sheep long bones","volume":"49","author":"Kon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_689","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820130409","article-title":"Tissue response to surface-treated tantalum implants: Preliminary observations in primates","volume":"13","author":"Meenaghan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820180404","article-title":"Surface properties determine bioadhesive outcomes: Methods and results","volume":"18","author":"Baier","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/ba-1975-0145.ch001","article-title":"Applied chemistry at protein interfaces","volume":"145","author":"Baier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Adv. Chem. Ser."},{"key":"ref_692","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201917","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2738364","article-title":"Vibration-induced Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition on rough surfaces","volume":"90","author":"Bormashenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat924","article-title":"Superhydrophobic states","volume":"2","author":"Lafuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_694","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50320a024","article-title":"Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water","volume":"28","author":"Wenzel","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200002)49:2<155::AID-JBM2>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative study of human osteoblast adhesion on materials with various surface roughnesses","volume":"49","author":"Anselme","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_696","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00085-1","article-title":"The attachment and growth behavior of osteoblast-like cells on microtextured surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Matsuzaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_697","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00189-7","article-title":"Osteoblast growth on titanium foils coated with hydroxyapatite by pulsed laser ablation","volume":"22","author":"Ball","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_698","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31852","article-title":"Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite coatings from ultrasonated electrolyte: Preparation, characterization, and osteoblast responses","volume":"87","author":"Narayanan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_699","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240590204","article-title":"Bone marrow interface: Preferential attachment of an osteoblastic marrow stromal cell line","volume":"59","author":"Benayahu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.044","article-title":"Characterization of titanium surfaces with calcium and phosphate and osteoblast adhesion","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024079109073","article-title":"Characterization of hydrothermally treated anodic oxides containing Ca and P on titanium","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270610","article-title":"Mitogenic effects of HA and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals on cultured mammalian cells","volume":"27","author":"Cheung","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_703","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(85)90152-1","article-title":"Mitogenesis induced by calcium containing crystal: Role of intracellular dissolution","volume":"157","author":"Cheung","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_704","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00078-1","article-title":"Morphological evaluation of osteoblasts cultured on different calcium phosphate ceramics","volume":"18","author":"Knabe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_705","unstructured":"Lodish, H., Berk, A., and Matsudaira, P. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology, Freeman & Co."},{"key":"ref_706","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000081089","article-title":"Cellular reactions of osteoblasts to micron- and submicron-scale porous structures of titanium surfaces","volume":"178","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_707","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30507","article-title":"Adhesion molecule expression by osteogenic cells cultured on various biodegradable scaffolds","volume":"75","author":"Shur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_708","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00200-X","article-title":"Bioactive sol-gel glasses with and without a hydroxycarbonate apatite layer as substrates for osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation","volume":"24","author":"Olmo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_709","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20000905)51:3<398::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Anodic oxidation and hydrothermal treatment of titanium results in a surface that causes increased attachment and altered cytoskeletal morphology of rat bone marrow stromal cells in vitro","volume":"51","author":"Takebe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2006.03.007","article-title":"The geometric pattern of a pillared substrate influences the cell-process distribution and shapes of fibroblasts","volume":"37","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00144-0","article-title":"Topographical control of cells","volume":"18","author":"Curtis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_712","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.4.635","article-title":"Topographical control of cell behaviour: II. Multiple grooved substrata","volume":"108","author":"Clark","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.111","article-title":"Time-dependent morphology and adhesion of osteoblastic cells on titanium model surfaces featuring scale-resolved topography","volume":"25","author":"Zinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_714","unstructured":"Stout, K.J., Sullivan, P.J., Dong, W.P., Mainsah, E., Luo, N., Mathia, T., and Zahouani, H. (1993). The Development of Methods for Characterization of Roughness in Three Dimensions, University of Birmingham. EUR 15178 EN of Commission of the European Communities."},{"key":"ref_715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.31.1.357","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in osteoblast response to implant surface morphology","volume":"31","author":"Boyan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10160","article-title":"Increased osteoblast adhesion on titanium-coated hydroxylapatite that forms CaTiO3","volume":"67","author":"Webster","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_717","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572006000300013","article-title":"Histomophometric analysis of pure titanium implants with porous surface vs. rough surface","volume":"14","author":"Brentel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_718","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30556","article-title":"Biological stability and osteoconductivity in rabbit tibia of pulsed laser deposited hydroxylapatite coatings","volume":"77","author":"Peraire","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_719","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199907000-00031","article-title":"The osseous response to corundum blasted implant surfaces in a canine hip model","volume":"364","author":"Hacking","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199707)36:1<39::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Intramedullary implant of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coating: An interface study","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080316","article-title":"Measuring the volume of bone ingrowth: A comparison of three techniques","volume":"8","author":"Summer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199509000-00015","article-title":"The influence of surface-blasting on the incorporation of titanium-alloy implants in a rabbit intramedullary model","volume":"77","author":"Feighan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_723","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.20071","article-title":"Effect of hydroxyapatite\/tricalcium-phosphate coating on osseointegration of plasma-sprayed titanium alloy implants","volume":"69","author":"Stewart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_724","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200212000-00004","article-title":"Relative contributions of chemistry and topography to the osseointegration of hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"405","author":"Hacking","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10130","article-title":"A new electrochemically graded hydroxyapatite coating for osteosynthetic implants promotes implant osteointegration in a rat model","volume":"63","author":"Schmidmaier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_726","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199810)42:1<20::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Osseointegration of surface-blasted implants made of titanium alloy and cobalt-chromium alloy in a rabbit intramedullary model","volume":"42","author":"Jinno","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_727","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1288","article-title":"Osseointegration of hydroxyapatite-coated and noncoated Ti6Al4V implants in the presence of local infection: A comparative histomorphometrical study in rabbits","volume":"60","author":"Oosterbos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1054\/arth.2002.34821","article-title":"Comparison of hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite tricalcium-phosphate coatings","volume":"17","author":"Jinno","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_729","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200202000-00009","article-title":"Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: Calcium phosphate","volume":"395","author":"LeGeros","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200111)57:2<258::AID-JBM1166>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite binds more serum proteins, purified integrins, and osteoblast precursor cells than titanium or steel","volume":"57","author":"Kilpadi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B4.0810725","article-title":"The influence of crystallinity of the hydroxyapatite coatings on the fixation of implants. Mechanical and histomorphometric result","volume":"81","author":"Overgaard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_732","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820291213","article-title":"Effect of surface topology on the osseointegration of implant materials in trabecular bone","volume":"29","author":"Wong","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_733","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200007)51:1<15::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Morphometric and mechanical evaluation of titanium implant integration: Comparison of five surface structures","volume":"51","author":"Svehia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_734","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(03)01128-3","article-title":"Bioceramics for implant coatings","volume":"6","author":"Campbell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199612000-00018","article-title":"Total hip arthroplasty with hydroxyapatite-coated prostheses","volume":"78","author":"Jaffe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_736","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B5.0780689","article-title":"The current status of hydroxyapatite coating of prostheses","volume":"78","author":"Soballe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_737","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsolidstchem.2004.07.001","article-title":"Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissues","volume":"32","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_738","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.033","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphate deposits: Preparation, properties and biomedical applications","volume":"55","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19980315)39:4<580::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Thermal processing of hydroxyapatite for coating production","volume":"39","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820211203","article-title":"Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxyapatite","volume":"21","author":"Geesink","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00364-1","article-title":"Influence of residual stress on bonding strength and fracture of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti\u20136Al\u20134V substrate","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0257-8972(90)90094-S","article-title":"Modelling of residual stress in plasma-sprayed coatings: Effect of substrate temperature","volume":"43","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_743","unstructured":"Ro\u015fu, R.A., \u015eerban, V.A., U\u0163u, D., Locovei, C., and Sfirloaga, P. (2011, January 18\u201320). Characterisation of the titanium-hydroxyapatite biocompatible composite layers deposited by HVOF thermal spraying method. Proceedings of the Metal 2011, 20th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Brno, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_744","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v029a24","article-title":"Influence of surface microstructure and chemistry on osteoinduction and osteoclastogenesis by biphasic calcium phosphate discs","volume":"29","author":"Davison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1993.040104.x","article-title":"Application of magnetron sputtering for producing ceramic coatings on implant materials","volume":"4","author":"Jansen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant Res."},{"key":"ref_746","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00202-3","article-title":"Micro- and nano-testing of calcium phosphate coatings produced by pulsed laser deposition","volume":"24","author":"Arias","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_747","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)88714-X","article-title":"Pre-conditioning and dual constant composition dissolution kinetics of pulsed laser deposited hydroxyapatite thin films on silicon substrates","volume":"17","author":"Tucker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_748","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90019-1","article-title":"Thin hydroxyapatite coating produced by the ion beam dynamic mixing method","volume":"15","author":"Yoshinari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_749","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199907)46:1<80::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Low-temperature crystallization of calcium phosphate coatings synthesized by ion-beam-assisted deposition","volume":"46","author":"Luo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38501.x","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"523","author":"Lacefield","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1039\/jm9940401849","article-title":"A new synthetic route to hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"4","author":"Spoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_752","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08514.x","article-title":"Chemical and structural evolution of sol\u2013gel-derived hydroxyapatite thin films under rapid thermal processing","volume":"79","author":"Russell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_753","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00332-X","article-title":"Water-based sol-gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: Process development","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_754","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(90)90005-B","article-title":"Calcium-phosphate ceramic coatings on porous titanium\u2014Effect of structure and composition on electrophoretic deposition, vacuum sintering and in vitro dissolution","volume":"11","author":"Ducheyne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-005-0630-0","article-title":"Precipitation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: Effects of precipitation method on electrophoretic deposition","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_756","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/CORRREV.2002.20.4-5.255","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings and corrosion aspects of metallic implants","volume":"20","author":"Sridhar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Corros. Rev."},{"key":"ref_757","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1179\/174329405X50091","article-title":"Electrochemical and electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite for orthopaedic applications","volume":"21","author":"Eliaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_758","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199808)41:2<227::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on titanium implant materials by simple chemistry","volume":"41","author":"Wen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_759","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00019-3","article-title":"Synthesis of biomimetic Ca-hydroxyapatite powders at 37 degrees C in synthetic body fluids","volume":"21","author":"Tas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1021\/cm00012a001","article-title":"Electrocrystallization of brushite coatings on prosthetic alloys","volume":"2","author":"Redepenning","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0257-8972(91)90220-Q","article-title":"Calcium-phosphate coatings for orthopedic prosthesis","volume":"45","author":"Royer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_762","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00275458","article-title":"Electrochemical preparation of bioactive calcium phosphate coatings on porous substrates by the periodic pulse technique","volume":"12","author":"Shirkhanzadeh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_763","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00776358","article-title":"Electrodeposition of apatite coating on pure titanium and titanium-alloys","volume":"13","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_764","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008838813120","article-title":"Direct formation of nanophase hydroxyapatite on cathodically polarized electrodes","volume":"9","author":"Shirkhanzadeh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30944","article-title":"Electrochemical processes of nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite on titanium supported by real-time electrochemical atomic force microscopy","volume":"80","author":"Eliaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.6b00057","article-title":"Effect of decorating titanium with different self-assembled monolayers on the electrodeposition of calcium phosphate","volume":"16","author":"Metoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_767","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006691","article-title":"The contributions and limitations of hydroxyapatite coatings to implant fixation\u2014A histomorphometric study of load bearing implants in dogs","volume":"20","author":"Munting","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_768","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<327::AID-JBM1175>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Biomimetic coprecipitation of calcium phosphate and bovine serum albumin on titanium alloy","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_769","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011271713758","article-title":"Biomimetic coatings on titanium: A crystal growth study of octacalcium phosphate","volume":"12","author":"Barrere","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2490","article-title":"Ion-association complexes unite classical and non-classical theories for the biomimetic nucleation of calcium phosphate","volume":"4","author":"Habraken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2011.06.021","article-title":"Corrosion resistance of biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings on magnesium due to varying pretreatment time","volume":"176","author":"Waterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_772","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08929.x","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition (EPD): Mechanisms, kinetics, and application to ceramics","volume":"79","author":"Sarkar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_773","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011201414651","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings on metal substrates: A nanoparticulate dual-coating approach","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_774","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025092506583","article-title":"Colloidal characterization and electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite on titanium substrate","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(02)00706-1","article-title":"Thick hydroxyapatite coatings by electrophoretic deposition","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_776","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Dunn, M.F., Xiao, T., Tomsia, A.P., and Saiz, E. (2001). Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Improved Adhesion and Corrosion Resistance for Medical Implants, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-703-V7.5"},{"key":"ref_777","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(98)00763-4","article-title":"Biomaterials modification by ion-beam processing","volume":"112","author":"Cui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_778","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0257-8972(94)80037-5","article-title":"Formation of hydroxyapatite coating on pure titanium substrates by ion beam dynamic mixing","volume":"65","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_779","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018597320022","article-title":"Highly adhesive hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium alloy formed by ion beam assisted deposition","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2006.05.025","article-title":"Pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite thin films","volume":"27","author":"Koch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(97)00629-9","article-title":"Deposition of hydroxyapatite thin films by excimer laser ablation","volume":"317","author":"Sardin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_782","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(20000615)50:4<536::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Physical, chemical, and biological characterization of pulsed laser deposited and plasma sputtered hydroxyapatite thin films on titanium alloy","volume":"50","author":"Lo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_783","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00128-3","article-title":"XPS, EDX and FTIR analysis of pulsed laser deposited calcium phosphate bioceramic coatings: The effects of various process parameters","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_784","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1557\/S0883769400040598","article-title":"Pulsed laser deposition history and laser-target interactions","volume":"17","author":"Cheung","year":"1992","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(97)00162-2","article-title":"Sol-gel derived coatings on glass","volume":"218","author":"Uhlmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_786","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02436880","article-title":"Sol-gel coatings on metals","volume":"8","author":"Guglielmi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_787","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(92)90718-Q","article-title":"Effects of solvent on properties of sol-gel-derived TiO2 coating films","volume":"219","author":"Hu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_788","unstructured":"Brinker, C.J., and Scherer, G.W. (2013). Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_789","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stern, K.H. (1996). Metallurgical and Ceramic Protective Coatings, Chapman & Hall. Chapter 6.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1501-5"},{"key":"ref_790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6090(01)01322-0","article-title":"Ceramic sol-gel composite coatings for electrical insulation","volume":"398","author":"Olding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-8842(97)00038-2","article-title":"Polymeric precursor route for the preparation of calcium phosphate compounds","volume":"24","author":"Varma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_792","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008948228880","article-title":"Thin hydroxyapatite coatings via sol-gel synthesis","volume":"9","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_793","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02499.x","article-title":"Sol-gel synthesis of amorphous calcium phosphate and sintering into microporous hydroxyapatite bioceramics","volume":"81","author":"Layrolle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_794","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00448-8","article-title":"Phase purity of sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite ceramic","volume":"22","author":"Hsieh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.08.185","article-title":"Bioactive calcium phosphate coating prepared on H2O2-treated titanium substrate by electrodeposition","volume":"195","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_796","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2004.01792.x","article-title":"Bioactive calcium phosphate coating on sodium hydroxide-pretreated titanium substrate by electrodeposition","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_797","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5907","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)10858-3","article-title":"Electrodeposition of hydroxyapatite coating on AZ91D alloy for biodegradable implant application","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_798","first-page":"13","article-title":"Electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings on Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb anodized surfaces with intermediate nanotubes layer","volume":"17","author":"Stoica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metal. Int."},{"key":"ref_799","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(08)60110-7","article-title":"HA coating on titanium with nanotubular anodized TiO2 intermediate layer via electrochemical deposition","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Nanoferr. Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_800","first-page":"343","article-title":"Electrochemical techniques to obtain biofunctional materials","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Eliaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applications of Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine I"},{"key":"ref_801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.01.168","article-title":"The potential-assisted deposition as valuable tool for producing functional apatite coatings on metallic materials","volume":"127","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2011.05.016","article-title":"The nanostructure of an electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite coating","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.09.025","article-title":"A novel method to synthesize hydroxyapatite coating with hierarchical structure","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_804","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5805(07)60012-2","article-title":"Calcium phosphate sonoelectrodeposition on carbon fabrics and its effect on osteoblast cell viability in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Carbon Mater."},{"key":"ref_805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7965","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201602088","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite\/mesoporous graphene\/single-walled carbon nanotubes freestanding flexible hybrid membranes for regenerative medicine","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, E., and Parr, J.E. (1994). ASTM STP 1196: Characterization and Performance of Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implants, ASTM International.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP1196-EB"},{"key":"ref_807","unstructured":"(2017, February 04). Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff\u2014Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Root-Form Endosseous Dental Implants and Endosseous Dental Abutments, Available online: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/GuidanceDocuments\/ucm072424.htm."},{"key":"ref_808","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Specification for Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implantable Materials, ASTM International. ASTM F1609-08(2014)."},{"key":"ref_809","unstructured":"(2008). Implants for Surgery\u2014Hydroxyapatite\u2014Part 2: Coatings of Hydroxyapatite, British Standards Institution. BS ISO 13779-2:2008."},{"key":"ref_810","unstructured":"(2011). Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic Coatings, ASTM International. ASTM F1044-05(2011)e1."},{"key":"ref_811","unstructured":"(2005). Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Calcium Phosphate and Metallic Coatings, ASTM International. ASTM F1147-05(2011)."},{"key":"ref_812","unstructured":"(2002). Implants for Surgery\u2014Hydroxyapatite\u2014Part 4: Determination of Coating Adhesion Strength, British Standards Institution. BS ISO 13779-4:2002."},{"key":"ref_813","unstructured":"(2008). Implants for Surgery\u2014Hydroxyapatite\u2014Part 3: Chemical Analysis and Characterization of Crystallinity and Phase Purity Coatings of Hydroxyapatite, British Standards Institution. BS ISO 13779-3:2008."},{"key":"ref_814","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Specification for Composition of Hydroxylapatite for Surgical Implants, ASTM International. ASTM F1185-03(2014)."},{"key":"ref_815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.10003","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite deposition by electrophoresis on titanium sheets with different surface finishing","volume":"60","author":"Rossi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00160-5","article-title":"Evaluating mechanical adhesion of sol-gel titanium dioxide coatings containing calcium phosphate for metal implant application","volume":"21","author":"Piveteau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_817","first-page":"377","article-title":"Bioactive metals prepared by surface modification: Preparation and properties","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Eliaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applications of Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine I"},{"key":"ref_818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10540","article-title":"Biology of alkali- and heat-treated titanium implants","volume":"67","author":"Nishiguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A."},{"key":"ref_819","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08561.x","article-title":"Spontaneous formation of bonelike apatite layer on chemically treated titanium metals","volume":"79","author":"Kokubo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018524731409","article-title":"Effect of heat treatment on apatite-forming ability of Ti induced by alkali treatment","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(98)80036-0","article-title":"Apatite formation on surfaces of ceramics, metals and polymers in body environment","volume":"46","author":"Kokubo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300606","article-title":"Characterization of apatite formed on alkaline-heat-treated Ti","volume":"83","author":"Chosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10116","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen peroxide on titanium surfaces: In situ imaging and step-polarization impedance spectroscopy of commercially pure titanium and titanium, 6-aluminum, 4-vanadium","volume":"67","author":"Bearinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30171","article-title":"Preparation of different forms of titanium oxide on titanium surface: Effects on apatite deposition","volume":"71","author":"Rohanizadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19970305)34:3<305::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Surface functional group dependence on apatite formation on self-assembled monolayers in a simulated body fluid","volume":"34","author":"Tanahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_826","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1021\/la404829b","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of alkylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers on titanium alloy by chemisorption and electrochemical deposition","volume":"30","author":"Metoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_827","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11998-012-9438-2","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite on Ti6Al4V\/TiO2 substrate","volume":"10","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coat. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B54","DOI":"10.1179\/1753555713Y.0000000119","article-title":"Surface modification of Ti\u201313Nb\u201313Zr and Ti\u20136Al\u20134V using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for enhanced cellular interaction","volume":"29","author":"Bhawanjali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.09.078","article-title":"Characterization and degradation behavior of AZ31 alloy surface modified by bone-like hydroxyapatite for implant applications","volume":"255","author":"Wen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.12.020","article-title":"Electrodeposition of Ca\u2013P coatings on biodegradable Mg alloy: In vitro biomineralization behavior","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2013.02.007","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro degradation evaluation of the nano-HA\/MgF2 and DCPD\/MgF2 composite coating on biodegradable Mg\u2013Ca\u2013Zn alloy","volume":"222","author":"Idris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_832","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-015-1611-3","article-title":"Effect of post-treatment techniques on corrosion and wettability of hydroxyapatite-coated Co\u2013Cr\u2013Mo alloy","volume":"40","author":"Shirdar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_833","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2004.09.025","article-title":"In vitro characterization of postheat-treated plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings","volume":"197","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_834","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820290906","article-title":"Effect of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coatings on trabecular bone response: A histological study","volume":"29","author":"Caulier","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56001","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA10315K","article-title":"Enhancing the corrosion resistance and surface bioactivity of a calcium-phosphate coating on a biodegradable AZ60 magnesium alloy via a simple fluorine post-treatment method","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_836","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740040801","article-title":"Effects of fluoride on the calcium phosphate precipitation method for dentinal tubule occlusion","volume":"74","author":"Suge","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_837","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.1171","article-title":"Accurate determination of the Ca:P ratio in rough hydroxyapatite samples by SEM-EDS, PIXE and RBS\u2014A comparative study","volume":"38","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"X-ray Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_838","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.06.017","article-title":"Advances in synthesis of calcium phosphate crystals with controlled size and shape","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_839","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1224777","article-title":"Review of bone substitutes","volume":"2","author":"Pryor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(96)80067-6","article-title":"Introduction to bone grafting","volume":"35","author":"Blitch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200703039","article-title":"Inorganic nanoparticles as carriers of nucleic acids into cells","volume":"47","author":"Sokolova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_842","unstructured":"(2017, March 14). SGS Dental Implant System. Available online: http:\/\/sgs-dental.com\/."},{"key":"ref_843","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). Augmentos\u00ae 3D Scaffold. Available online: http:\/\/www.innotere.de\/cms\/products\/augmentos.html."},{"key":"ref_844","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). Calcibon\u00ae granules. Available online: http:\/\/www.dijagfarm.com\/repo\/2012\/09\/calcibon-granules.jpg."},{"key":"ref_845","unstructured":"(2017, March 14). Megasonex\u00ae Nano-Hydroxyapatite Toothpaste. Available online: http:\/\/megasonex.com\/products\/toothpaste\/."},{"key":"ref_846","unstructured":"(2017, March 14). Biorepair Oral Care. Available online: http:\/\/www.biorepair.it\/Total-Protection-Plus."},{"key":"ref_847","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). Osteovit\u00ae Xenograft Bone Substitute. Available online: http:\/\/www.medicalexpo.com\/prod\/aesculap\/product-70641-662983.html."},{"key":"ref_848","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). DePuy Synthes CORAIL\u00ae Cementless Hip Prosthesis. Available online: http:\/\/www.medicalexpo.com\/prod\/depuy-synthes-79814.html#product-item_631053."},{"key":"ref_849","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). DePuy Synthes DBX\u2122 Material. Available online: https:\/\/emea.depuysynthes.com\/hcp\/biomaterials\/products\/qs\/dbx-material."},{"key":"ref_850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(2000)53:1<76::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Long-term changes of hydroxyapatite-coated dental implants","volume":"53","author":"Baltag","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:3<224::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Degradation of hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and fluorhydroxyapatite coatings of dental implants in dogs","volume":"48","author":"Gineste","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_852","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199801)39:1<141::AID-JBM16>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Resorption of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite ceramic coatings on weight-bearing implants: A quantitative and morphological study in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Overgaard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_853","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(83)90041-5","article-title":"Airborne contamination of wounds in joint replacement operations: The relationship to sepsis rates","volume":"4","author":"Lidwell","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_854","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb1010022","article-title":"Calcium orthophosphates as bioceramics: State of the art","volume":"1","author":"Dorozhkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0439-5","article-title":"The future of biomedical materials","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_856","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.08.025","article-title":"Ceramics for medical applications: A picture for the next 20 years","volume":"29","author":"Chevalier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_857","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063187","article-title":"Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers","volume":"294","author":"Hartgerink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_858","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2005.05.002","article-title":"Bioceramic coating of hydroxyapatite on titanium substrate with Nd-YAG laser","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_859","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1021\/am100962m","article-title":"Laser engineered multilayer coating of biphasic calcium phosphate\/titanium nanocomposite on metal substrates","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.07.015","article-title":"Laser surface modification of 316L stainless steel with bioactive hydroxyapatite","volume":"33","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.08.024","article-title":"Laser deposited biocompatible Ca-P coatings on Ti\u20136Al\u20134V: Microstructural evolution and thermal modeling","volume":"33","author":"Nag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_862","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358ra127","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf7704","article-title":"Hyperelastic \u201cbone\u201d: A highly versatile, growth factor-free, osteoregenerative, scalable, and surgically friendly biomaterial","volume":"8","author":"Jakus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_863","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.10.008","article-title":"Calcium phosphates in biomedical applications: Materials for the future?","volume":"19","author":"Habraken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_864","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.07.019","article-title":"New depowdering-friendly designs for three-dimensional printing of calcium phosphate bone substitutes","volume":"9","author":"Butscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2006.02.004","article-title":"Sintering and robocasting of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for orthopaedic applications","volume":"2","author":"Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_866","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12503","article-title":"A 3D printed TCP\/HA structure as a new osteoconductive scaffold for vertical bone augmentation","volume":"27","author":"Carrel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/10\/4\/334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:31:12Z","timestamp":1760207472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/10\/4\/334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"references-count":866,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma10040334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma10040334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]}}}