{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:41:17Z","timestamp":1790523677706,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]],"date-time":"2017-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","award":["MAT2013-42957-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2013-42957-R"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","award":["MAT2015-68639-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2015-68639-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium phosphate chitosan-based composites have gained much interest in recent years for biomedical purposes. In this paper, three-dimensional calcium phosphate chitosan-based composites with different mineral contents were produced using a green method called ice segregation induced self-assembly (ISISA). In this methodology, ice crystals were used as a template to produce porous structures from an aqueous solution of chitosan (CS) and hydroxyapatite (Hap) also containing acetic acid (pH = 4.5). For better characterization of the nature of the inorganic matter entrapped within the resulting composite, we performed either oxygen plasma or calcination processes to remove the organic matter. The nature of the phosphate salts was studied by XRD and NMR studies. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was identified as the mineral phase in the composites submitted to oxygen plasma, whereas crystalline Hap was obtained after calcination. SEM microscopy revealed the formation of porous structures (porosity around 80\u201385%) in the original composites, as well as in the inorganic matrices obtained after calcination, with porous channels of up to 50 \u00b5m in diameter in the former case and of up to 20 \u00b5m in the latter. The biocompatibility of the composites was assessed using two different cell lines: C2C12GFP premyoblastic cells and MC3T3 preosteoblastic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10050516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]],"date-time":"2017-05-08T11:45:16Z","timestamp":1494243916000},"page":"516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Macroporous Calcium Phosphate\/Chitosan Composites Prepared via Unidirectional Ice Segregation and Subsequent Freeze-Drying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Aranaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-ICMM, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas-CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Institute of Biofunctional Studies, Associated Unit to the Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Paseo Juan 23, n1 28040, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Moreno-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Institute of Biofunctional Studies, Associated Unit to the Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Paseo Juan 23, n1 28040, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Civantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering Group, Institute of Biofunctional Studies, Associated Unit to the Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC), Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Paseo Juan 23, n1 28040, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Garc\u00eda-Arguelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-ICMM, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas-CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Energ\u00e9tica, Tecnolog\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental y Tecnolog\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, M\u00f3stoles 28933, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Del Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-ICMM, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas-CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008937507714","article-title":"Calcium phosphate bone cements for clinical applications. 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