{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:54:41Z","timestamp":1788825281528,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2013-48426-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2013-48426-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some studies have demonstrated that in vivo degradation processes are influenced by the material\u2019s physico-chemical properties. The present study compares two hydroxyapatites manufactured on an industrial scale, deproteinized at low and high temperatures, and how physico-chemical properties can influence the mineral degradation process of material performance in bone biopsies retrieved six months after maxillary sinus augmentation. Residual biomaterial particles were examined by field scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the composition and degree of degradation of the bone graft substitute material. According to the EDX analysis, the Ca\/P ratio significantly lowered in the residual biomaterial (1.08 \u00b1 0.32) compared to the initial composition (2.22 \u00b1 0.08) for the low-temperature sintered group, which also presented high porosity, low crystallinity, low density, a large surface area, poor stability, and a high resorption rate compared to the high-temperature sintered material. This demonstrates that variations in the physico-chemical properties of bone substitute material clearly influence the degradation process. Further studies are needed to determine whether the resorption of deproteinized bone particles proceeds slowly enough to allow sufficient time for bone maturation to occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10050542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T11:13:17Z","timestamp":1495019597000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["SEM-EDX Study of the Degradation Process of Two Xenograft Materials Used in Sinus Lift Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ram\u00edrez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catedra Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Odontolog\u00eda, University Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Avda. Jer\u00f3nimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Gehrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnos Research Center, Rua Dr. Bonazo n\u00b0 57, 97015-001 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-5185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"P\u00e9rez Albacete Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catedra Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Odontolog\u00eda, University Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Avda. Jer\u00f3nimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Calvo Guirado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catedra Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Odontolog\u00eda, University Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, Avda. Jer\u00f3nimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piedad","family":"De Aza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioingenieria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Avda, Ferrocarril s\/n, 03202-Elche Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.093","article-title":"Choice of Graft Material in Relation to Maxillary Sinus Width in Internal Sinus Floor Augmentation","volume":"68","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2011.0427","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering: Current strategies and techniques\u2013part I: Scaffolds","volume":"18","author":"Szpalski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12101","article-title":"Influence of particle size of deproteinized bovine bone mineral on new bone formation and implant stability after simultaneous sinus floor elevation: A histomorphometric study in minipigs","volume":"17","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danesh-Sani, S.A., Engebretson, S.P., and Janal, M.N. (2016). Histomorphometric results of different grafting materials and effect of healing time on bone maturation after sinus floor augmentation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontal. Res.","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12402"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.2003.00933.x","article-title":"Experimental sinus grafting with the use of deproteinized bone particles of different sizes","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00102-2","article-title":"Biomaterials development for bone tissue engineering","volume":"21","author":"Burg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"135","article-title":"Crystalline bioceramic materials","volume":"44","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650081328","article-title":"Strategies to affect bone remodeling: Osteointegration","volume":"8","author":"LeGeros","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Mineral Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011005000007","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite crystallinity does not affect the repair of critical size bone defects","volume":"19","author":"Conz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12258","article-title":"Influence of biphasic \u03b1-TCP with and without the use of collagen membranes on bone healing of surgically critical size defects. A radiological, histological and histomorphometric study","volume":"25","author":"Velasquez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00180-6","article-title":"Measurements of the solubilities and dissolution rates of several hydroxyapatite","volume":"23","author":"Fulmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12722","article-title":"Influence of hydroxyapatite granule size, porosity and crystallinity on tissue reaction in vivo. Part A: Synthesis, characterization of the materials and SEM analysis","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01776.x","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of sinus or augmentation for implant placement using autogenous bone or bone substitutes: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Nkenke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.08.010","article-title":"Maxillary sinus floor augmentation with Bio-Oss or Bio-Oss mixed with autogenous bone as graft in animals: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.01.020","article-title":"Evaluation of bone volume changes after sinus floor augmentation with autogenous bone grafts","volume":"41","author":"Arasawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.09.007","article-title":"Volume changes of autogenous bone after sinus lifting and grafting procedures: A 6-year computerized tomographic follow-up","volume":"41","author":"Sbordone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.06.171","article-title":"Crystalline structure and its effects on the degradation of linear calcium polyphosphate bone substitute","volume":"255","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12089","article-title":"Regeneration of human bone using different bone substitute biomaterials","volume":"17","author":"Traini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01821.x","article-title":"The use of Straumanns Bone Ceramic in a maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure: A clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphometric evaluation with a 6-month healing period","volume":"21","author":"Frenken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00410-1","article-title":"Characterization of a bovine collagen\u2013hydroxyapatite composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"154","article-title":"Enhanced bone regeneration with a novel synthetic bone substitute in combination with a new natural cross-linked collagen membrane: Radiographic and histomorphometric study","volume":"26","author":"Negri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572005000200008","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of six commercial hydroxyapatites for medical dental applications as bone graft","volume":"13","author":"Conz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.03.003","article-title":"Physiochemical characterizations of hydroxyapatite extracted from bovine bones by three different methods: Extraction of biologically desirable Hap","volume":"28","author":"Barakat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. Part C"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12465","article-title":"Bone neo-formation and mineral degradation of 4Bone\u00ae ParII: Histological and histomophometric analysis in critical size defects in rabbits","volume":"26","author":"Romanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-013-0554-z","article-title":"Comparative, Histological and Histomorphometric Analysis of Three Anorganic Bovine Xenogenous Bone Substitutes: Bio-Oss, Bone-Fill and Gen-Ox Anorganic","volume":"13","author":"Manfro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/term.24","article-title":"State of the art and future directions of scaffold-based bone engineering from a biomaterials perspective","volume":"1","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1563\/1548-1336(2007)33[267:EOGSOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of granule size on the osteoconductivity of bovine and synthetic hydroxyapatite: A histologic and histometric study in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Shin, H.K., Yun, J.H., and Cho, KS. (2016). Randomized clinical trial of maxillary sinus grafting using deproteinized porcine and bovine bone mineral. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res.","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12430"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.71.8.1258","article-title":"Ability of deproteinized cancellous bovine bone to induce new bone formation","volume":"71","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"79","article-title":"Hap physical investigation the effect of sintering temperature","volume":"59","author":"Azran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/095929892004014004023","article-title":"Investigations on the synthesis and crystallization of hydroxyapatite at low temperature","volume":"1","author":"Kalkura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bio.-Med. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2009.01.007","article-title":"The influence of sintering temperature on the properties of compacted bovine","volume":"29","author":"Herliansyah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S24790","article-title":"Thermal and ultrasonic influence in the formation of nanometer scale hydroxyapatite bio-ceramic","volume":"6","author":"Poinern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mat\u00e9 S\u00e1nchez de Val, J.E., Calvo-Guirado, J.L., Gomez Moreno, G., Gherke, S., Maz\u00f3n, P., and De Aza, P.N. (2017). Influence of hydroxyapatite granule size, porosity and crystallinity on tissue reaction in vivo. Part B: A comparative study with biphasic synthetic biomaterials. Clin. Oral Implants Res.","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12880"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-8842(99)00046-2","article-title":"The effects of sintering temperature on the properties of hydroxyapatite","volume":"26","author":"Muralithran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(02)01140-0","article-title":"Crystallization of hydoxyapatite at physiological temperature","volume":"57","author":"Ashok","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00121-2","article-title":"Osteoblastic cell response to thin film of poorly crystalline calcium phosphate apatite formed at low temperatures","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242008000100002","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of two deproteinized bovine xenografts","volume":"22","author":"Conz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabadan-Ros, R., Velasquez, P., Meseguer-Olmo, L., and de Aza, P.N. (2016). Morphological and structural study of a novel porous Nurse\u00b4s A ceramic with osteoconductive properties for tissue engineering. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9060474"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020305008042","article-title":"Osseointegration and osseoconductivity of hydroxyapatite of different microporosities","volume":"13","author":"Rosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ros-Tarraga, P., Maz\u00f3n, P., Rodriguez, M.A., Meseguer-Olmo, L., and de Aza, P.N. (2016). Novel resorbable and osteoconductive calcium silicophosphate scaffold induced bone formation. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9090785"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2395","article-title":"Bioeutectic\u00ae Ceramics for biomedical applications obtained by laser floating method","volume":"7","author":"Luklinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"In vivo evaluation. Materials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34785","article-title":"Comparison of three novel \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate\/collagen ceramic scaffolds: An in vivo study","volume":"102","author":"Mazon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.02.028","article-title":"Micro-Raman and FTIR studies of synthetic and natural apatites","volume":"28","author":"Antonakos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34720","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopic characterization of carbonated apatite: A combined experimental and computational study","volume":"102","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-8842(96)00016-8","article-title":"The FTIR spectroscopy and QXRD studies of calcium phosphate based materials produced from the powder precursors with different CaP ratios","volume":"23","author":"Paluszkiewicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.01933.x","article-title":"Back-scattered electron imaging and elemental analysis of retrieved bone tissue following sinus augmentation with deproteinized bovine bone or biphasic calcium phosphate","volume":"21","author":"Lindgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.1469","article-title":"Long-term bony integration and resorption kinetics of a xenogeneic bone substitute after sinus floor augmentation: Histomorphometric analyses of human biopsy specimens","volume":"33","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.25.51","article-title":"Effects of sintering temperature over 1,300 degrees C on the physical and compositional properties of porous hydroxyapatite foam","volume":"25","author":"Munar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2008.01.022","article-title":"Advances in the ultrastructural study of the implant-bone interface by backscattered electron imaging","volume":"39","author":"Wierzchos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01550.x","article-title":"Back-scattered electron imaging and elemental microanalysis of retrieved bone tissue following maxillary sinus floor augmentation with calcium sulphate","volume":"19","author":"Slater","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200001000-00037","article-title":"Properties of calcium phosphate ceramics in relation to their in vivo behavior","volume":"48","author":"Blokhuis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.1228","article-title":"Effect of geometrical structure on the biodegradation of a three-dimensionally perforated porous apatite\/collagen composite bone cell scaffold","volume":"33","author":"Hamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00219-8","article-title":"Calcium phosphate apatites with variable Ca\/P atomic ratio II. Calcination and sintering","volume":"23","author":"Raynaud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600184","article-title":"The effects of crystal phase and particle morphology of calcium phosphates on proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"5","author":"Danoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000082245","article-title":"Collagen type I increases bone remodelling around hydroxyapatite implants in the rat tibia","volume":"178","author":"Rammelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Org."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2007.00080.x","article-title":"The bone tissue responses to prehydrated and collagenated cortico-cancellous porcine bone grafts: A study in rabbit maxillary defects","volume":"10","author":"Nannmark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.060181","article-title":"Histologic and ultrastructural analysis of regenerated bone in maxillary sinus augmentation using a porcine bone-derived biomaterial","volume":"77","author":"Orsini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"351","article-title":"Clinical and histological study of a xenogenic bone substitute used as a filler in postextractive alveolus","volume":"54","author":"Arcuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Miner. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-2720.2004.01354.x","article-title":"Porosity variation in hydroxyapatite and osteoblast morphology: A scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"215","author":"Annaz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.017","article-title":"The influence of dispersant concentration on the pore morphology of hydroxyapatite ceramics for bone tissue engineering","volume":"26","author":"Cyster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060308","article-title":"A histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of anorganic bovine bone retrieved 9 years after a sinus augmentation procedure","volume":"78","author":"Traini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.01939.x","article-title":"Histological & histomorpho-metrical analyses of biopsies harvested 11 years after maxillary sinus augmentation with 80% Bio-Oss and 20% autogenous bone","volume":"21","author":"Mordenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2012.00445.x","article-title":"Slow resorption of anorganic bovine bone by osteoclasts in maxillary sinus augmentation","volume":"15","author":"Mesa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30196","article-title":"Maxillary sinus augmentation with Bio-Oss particles: A light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy study in man","volume":"74","author":"Orsini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01565.x","article-title":"Maxillary sinus grafting with Bio-Oss\u00ae or Straumann\u00ae Bone Ceramic: Histomorphometric result from a randomized controlled multicenter clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Cordaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070504","article-title":"Histologic and elemental microanalytical study of anorganic bovine bone substitution following sinus floor augmentation in humans","volume":"79","author":"Traini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s001130100303","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after using porous hydroxyapatite ceramics (Endobon\u00ae) for surgical management of fractures of the head of the tibia","volume":"105","author":"Briem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"321","article-title":"In vitro osteoclast resorption of bone substitute biomaterials used for implant site augmentation: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"333","article-title":"Histomorphometric analysis of maxillary sinus augmentation with calcium phosphate nanocrystal-coated xenograft","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Implant. Dent."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1829-9","article-title":"Histological and radiological evaluation of sintered and non-sintered deproteinized bovine bone substitute materials in sinus augmentation procedures. A prospective, randomized-controlled, clinical multicenter study","volume":"21","author":"Fienitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.02.027","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite surface solubility and effect on cell adhesion","volume":"78","author":"Bertazzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.030","article-title":"The effect of biomimetic apatite structure on osteoblast viability, proliferation and gene expression","volume":"26","author":"Chou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.11.2092","article-title":"Scanning electrochemical microscopy at the surface of bone-resorbing osteoclasts: Evidence for steady-state disposal and intracellular functional compartmentalization of calcium","volume":"16","author":"Berger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2004.01003.x","article-title":"Grafting of deproteinized bone particles inhibits bone resorption after maxillary sinus floor elevation","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1851","article-title":"The role of osteoclasts in bone tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Detsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.07.037","article-title":"Sintering behaviour and properties of magnesium orthosilicate-hydroxyapatite ceramic","volume":"42","author":"Ramesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.079","article-title":"Resorbability of bone substitute biomaterials by human osteoclasts","volume":"25","author":"Schilling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201000267","article-title":"How degradation of calcium phosphate bone substitute materials is influenced by phase composition and porosity","volume":"13","author":"Schaefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10479","article-title":"Dissolution properties of calcium phosphate granules with different compositions in simulated body fluid","volume":"65","author":"Monteiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.05.051","article-title":"In vivo behavior of calcium phosphate scaffolds with four different pore sizes","volume":"27","author":"Bohner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.11.032","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite surface roughness: Complex modulation of the osteoclastogenesis of human precursor cells","volume":"8","author":"Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.039","article-title":"Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer\/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"27","author":"Rezwan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)02107-3","article-title":"Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions","volume":"30","author":"Tatum","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.70.679","article-title":"The determination of X-ray diffraction line widths","volume":"70","author":"Shull","year":"1946","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2006.05.089","article-title":"Quantitative methods for nanopowders characterization","volume":"253","author":"Wejrzanowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/10\/5\/542\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:36:08Z","timestamp":1760207768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/10\/5\/542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma10050542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma10050542","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201703.0212.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]}}}