{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1790639766381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rain erosion damage, caused by repeated droplet impact on wind turbine blades, is a major cause for concern, even more so at offshore locations with larger blades and higher tip speeds. Due to the negative economic influence of blade erosion, all wind turbine Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are actively seeking solutions. In most cases, since the surface coating plays a decisive role in the blade manufacture and overall performance, it has been identified as an area where a solution may be obtained. In this research, two main coating technologies have been considered: In-mould coatings (Gel coating) applied during moulding on the entire blade surface and the post-mould coatings specifically developed for Leading Edge Protection (LEP). The coating adhesion and erosion is affected by the shock waves created by the collapsing water droplets on impact. The stress waves are reflected and transmitted to the laminate substrate, so microstructural discontinuities in coating layers and interfaces play a key role on its degradation and may accelerate erosion by delamination. Analytical and numerical models are commonly used to relate lifetime prediction and to identify suitable coating and composite substrate combinations based on their potential stress reduction on the interface. Nevertheless, in order to use them, it is necessary to measure the contact adhesion resistance of the multi-layered system interfaces. The rain erosion performance is assessed using an accelerated testing technique, whereby the test material is repeatedly impacted at high speed with water droplets in a Whirling Arm Rain Erosion Rig (WARER). The materials, specifically the coating\u2013laminate interphase region and acoustic properties, are further characterised by several laboratory tests, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), pull-off testing, peeling\u2013adhesion testing and nanoindentation testing. This body of work includes a number of case studies. The first case study compares two of the main coating technologies used in industry (i.e., gel coating and LEP); the second case investigates the effects of the in-mould gel coating curing; and the third considers the inclusion of a primer layer on a LEP configuration system. Following these case studies, the LEP is found to be a far superior coating due to its appropriate mechanical and acoustic properties and the interface between the coating and the substrate is highlighted as a key aspect, as poor adhesion can lead to delamination and, ultimately, premature failure of the coating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10101146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]],"date-time":"2017-09-28T11:22:44Z","timestamp":1506597764000},"page":"1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["On the Material Characterisation of Wind Turbine Blade Coatings: The Effect of Interphase Coating\u2013Laminate Adhesion on Rain Erosion Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Enrique","family":"Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerox Advanced Polymers, 46185 Pobla Vallbona-Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Design, Innovation and Technology (IDIT), Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Moncada-Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"O\u2019Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irish Composites Centre (IComp), Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"Madramany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerox Advanced Polymers, 46185 Pobla Vallbona-Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hardiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irish Composites Centre (IComp), Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irish Composites Centre (IComp), Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, July 27). 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