{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:31:41Z","timestamp":1770899501432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>M50 bearing steels were alternately implanted with Ti+ and N+ ions using solid and gas ion sources of implantation system, respectively. N-implantation was carried out at an energy of about 80 keV and a fluence of 2 \u00d7 1017 ions\/cm2, and Ti-implantation at an energy of about 40\u201390 keV and a fluence of 2 \u00d7 1017 ions\/cm2. The microstructures of modification layers were analyzed by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the gradient structure was formed under the M50 bearing steel subsurface, along the ion implantation influence zone composed of amorphous, nanocrystalline, and gradient-refinement phases. A layer of precipitation compounds like TiN is formed. In addition, nano-indentation hardness and tribological properties of the gradient structure subsurface were examined using a nano-indenter and a friction and wear tester. The nano-indentation hardness of N + Ti-co-implanted sample is above 12 GPa, ~1.3 times than that of pristine samples. The friction coefficient is smaller than 0.2, which is 22.2% of that of pristine samples. The synergism between precipitation-phase strengthening and gradient microstructure is the main mechanism for improving the mechanical properties of M50 materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10101204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T11:07:29Z","timestamp":1508411249000},"page":"1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Graded Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Ti\/N-Implanted M50 Steel with Polyenergy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Jie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianmin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhou, Z.L., and Ma, C.M. 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