{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:38:47Z","timestamp":1790962727258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,4]],"date-time":"2018-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid increase of efficiency up to 22.1% during the past few years, hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research \u201chot spot\u201d for many solar cell researchers. The perovskite materials show various advantages such as long carrier diffusion lengths, widely-tunable band gap with great light absorption potential. The low-cost fabrication techniques together with the high efficiency makes PSCs comparable with Si-based solar cells. But the drawbacks such as device instability, J-V hysteresis and lead toxicity reduce the further improvement and the future commercialization of PSCs. This review begins with the discussion of crystal and electronic structures of perovskite based on recent research findings. An evolution of PSCs is also analyzed with a greater detail of each component, device structures, major device fabrication methods and the performance of PSCs acquired by each method. The following part of this review is the discussion of major barriers on the pathway for the commercialization of PSCs. The effects of crystal structure, fabrication temperature, moisture, oxygen and UV towards the stability of PSCs are discussed. The stability of other components in the PSCs are also discussed. The lead toxicity and updated research progress on lead replacement are reviewed to understand the sustainability issues of PSCs. The origin of J-V hysteresis is also briefly discussed. Finally, this review provides a roadmap on the current needs and future research directions to address the main issues of PSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T03:12:21Z","timestamp":1525662741000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":279,"title":["Perovskites-Based Solar Cells: A Review of Recent Progress, Materials and Processing Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhengqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and MEMS Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahalapitiya H.","family":"Jayatissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology and MEMS Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1021\/ja809598r","article-title":"Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells","volume":"131","author":"Kojima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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