{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:37:16Z","timestamp":1792121836122,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The corrosion of refractories by sodium salts in waste liquid at high temperature has become a serious problem. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic characterization of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) corrosion of six refractories by FactSage modelling in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD). Three of the refractories are oxides (Fe2O3, Al2O3, and Cr2O3), and the other three are synthetics spinels (magnesium chromium, MgO\u00b7Cr2O3; magnesioferrite, MgO\u00b7Fe2O3; and, magnesium aluminium, MgO\u00b7Al2O3). First, thermodynamic simulations were carried out with the FactSage thermodynamics model using the reaction package to predict the direction of the Na2CO3 corrosion reaction in terms of the Gibbs free energy. Then, the reactions between the six refractories and Na2CO3 were conducted through a series of refractories\/Na2CO3 reaction tests. The XRD analytical method was used to describe and understand the chemistry and interpret mineral matter transformation. The products of the tests were also determined by X-ray diffraction and the experimental observations were compared with the results of the thermodynamic simulations. Furthermore, the strength of sodium corrosion of the refractory materials was comprehensively discussed. The results show that MgO\u00b7Al2O3 has the best thermal stability and it is hard to corrode by Na2CO3, while the chrome-containing refractory reacts easily with Na2CO3 with a considerably high amount of corrosion product at a temperature of 600 \u00b0C. These experimental results are in agreement with the thermodynamic calculations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T03:45:22Z","timestamp":1541562322000},"page":"2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Thermodynamic Study of the Corrosion of Refractories by Sodium Carbonate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of the Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guishi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of the Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of the Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of the Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.08.076","article-title":"Influence of ladle slag composition in the dissolution process of the dicalcium silicate (C2S) layer on doloma-C refractories","volume":"43","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. 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