{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:25:30Z","timestamp":1790367930066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>15 different antibiotics were individually mixed with commercially available calcium sulfate bone void filler beads. The antibiotics were: amikacin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistamethate sodium, daptomycin, gentamicin, imipenem\/cilastatin, meropenem, nafcillin, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tobramycin and vancomycin. The efficacy of specific released antibiotics was validated by zone of inhibition (ZOI) testing using a modified Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method against common periprosthetic joint infection pathogens. With a subset of experiments (daptomycin, rifampin, vancomycin alone and rifampin and vancomycin in combination), we investigated how release varied over 15 days using a repeated ZOI assay. We also tested the ability of these beads to kill biofilms formed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 35984, a prolific biofilm former. The results suggested that certain antibiotics could be combined and released from calcium sulfate with retained antibacterial efficacy. The daptomycin and rifampin plus vancomycin beads showed antimicrobial efficacy for the full 15 days of testing and vancomycin in combination with rifampin prevented resistant mutants. In the biofilm killing assay, all of the antibiotic combinations showed a significant reduction in biofilm bacteria after 24 h. The exposure time was an important factor in the amount of killing, and varied among the antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T02:42:41Z","timestamp":1542163361000},"page":"2265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["In Vitro Efficacy of Antibiotics Released from Calcium Sulfate Bone Void Filler Beads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip A.","family":"Laycock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocomposites Ltd., Keele Science Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocomposites Ltd., Keele Science Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Howlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Delury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocomposites Ltd., Keele Science Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Aiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocomposites Ltd., Keele Science Park, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Stoodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Dept, Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 IBJ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity and Orthopedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2014). 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