{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:30:48Z","timestamp":1760239848927,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gellable composite materials (GCM) were prepared from a smelting slag of copper and nickel deposits and cement, and activated using gypsum and chemical activators. The effects of material ratio, dosage of chemical activators, and gypsum on the mechanical properties of GCM were studied. Our results showed that the chemical activators of Na2SO4, Na2SiO3, NaOH, and Na2CO3 could improve the compressive strength of the GCM. Considering the market cost and ease operation, the compressive strength of the GCM could be significantly improved with 2% Na2SO4. The experiment results also showed that the compound chemical activator could improve the compressive strength of gelled material. The strength of GCM reaches 41.6 MPa when 2% gypsum and 80% of smelting slags of copper and nickel deposits were used, which met the national standards requirements of GCM. As such, it is expected that a large amount of copper and nickel mining smelting slag could be utilized for the production of cementitious materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12020303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T11:26:55Z","timestamp":1547810815000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental Studies on Chemical Activation of Cementitious Materials from Smelting Slag of Copper and Nickel Mine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanke","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guocheng","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing General Research Institute of Mining &amp; Metallurgy, Beijing 110160, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.926-930.4197","article-title":"A comprehensive recovery of copper-iron experimental research in the copper smelting slag","volume":"926","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9852-1","article-title":"Transport and transformation of mercury during wet flue gas cleaning process of nonferrous metal smelting","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3184\/095422914X13885123689811","article-title":"Fractionation of heavy metals in contaminated soils surrounding non-ferrous metals smelting area in the north china plain","volume":"26","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Spec. Bioavailab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2014.06.013","article-title":"Analysis of potential energy conservation and CO2 emissions reduction in china\u2019s non-ferrous metals industry from a technology perspective","volume":"28","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.10.007","article-title":"Slag remains from the na slupi site (prague, czech republic): Evidence for early medieval non-ferrous metal smelting","volume":"53","author":"Ettler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.955-959.2182","article-title":"Pollution analysis and control of non-ferrous metal smelting production","volume":"955","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1351\/pac197229010235","article-title":"Measures taken against water pollution in basic non-ferrous metal industries","volume":"29","author":"Teworte","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.06.048","article-title":"Environmental and economic gains of industrial symbiosis for chinese iron\/steel industry: Kawasaki\u2019s experience and practice in Liuzhou and Jinan","volume":"59","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.02.021","article-title":"Environmental assessment of solid waste landfilling technologies by means of lca-modeling","volume":"29","author":"Manfredi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-009-0049-8","article-title":"Cemented backfill technology based on phosphorous gypsum","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1084.613","article-title":"Application of void-free filling technology for additional safety barriers creation during uranium-graphite reactors decommissioning","volume":"1084","author":"Izmestiev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2011.08.003","article-title":"Backfilling technology and strata behaviors in fully mechanized coal mining working face","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.727.1079","article-title":"Research status and development trend of high sand filling materials","volume":"727","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3737-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of backfilling and sealing at an open-pit mine using ground penetrating radar and geoelectrical surveys, kimheden, northern sweden","volume":"73","author":"Villain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.761.175","article-title":"Preliminary study of the use of a secondary lead smelting slag as an addition to portland cement","volume":"761","year":"2018","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.10.093","article-title":"Assessment of pb-slag, mswi bottom ash and boiler and fly ash for using as a fine aggregate in cement mortar","volume":"154","author":"Saikia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.09.039","article-title":"A review of binders used in cemented paste tailings for underground and surface disposal practices","volume":"131","author":"Tariq","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.753-755.814","article-title":"Analysis of hydration mechanism of new type filling cementitious materials","volume":"753\u2013755","author":"Nan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.825.250","article-title":"Bio-hydrometallurgical processing of non-ferrous metals from copper smelting slag","volume":"825","author":"Ilyas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2004.06.022","article-title":"Electrical conductivity of low-melting electrolytes for aluminium smelting","volume":"49","author":"Thonstad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1179\/cmq.1981.20.2.231","article-title":"The recovery of values from non-ferrous smelter slags","volume":"20","author":"Snelgrove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. Metall. Quart."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.936.1624","article-title":"Activating of nickel slag and preparing of cementitious materials for backfilling","volume":"936","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.031","article-title":"Sustainable use of copper slag in self compacting concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials","volume":"151","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.09.021","article-title":"Systematic study on the basic characteristics of alkali-activated slag-fly ash cementitious material system","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.053","article-title":"Non-destructive evaluation of cement-based materials from pressure-stimulated electrical emission\u2014Preliminary results","volume":"25","author":"Kyriazopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"unstructured":"Ettler, V., Johan, Z., and Sebek, O. (2009). Can we use the mineralogical and chemical composition of medieval slags to understand historical smelting technologies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73.","key":"ref_26"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/09593332108618092","article-title":"Characterisation and treatment of soda ash smelting slag from the recycling of lead acid batteries","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.036","article-title":"The chemical composition and microstructure of hydration products in blended cements","volume":"26","author":"Sharp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Comp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.070","article-title":"Hydration of mineral shrinkage-compensating admixture for concrete: An experimental and numerical study","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"43","article-title":"Recovery of copper from the slag of Khatoonabad flash smelting furnace by flotation method","volume":"94","author":"Karimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inst. Hosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.022","article-title":"Acidic leaching of potentially toxic metals cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc from two Zn smelting slag materials incubated in an acidic soil","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.007","article-title":"Effect of secondary copper slag as cementitious material in ultra-high performance mortar","volume":"119","author":"Edwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-3449(99)00060-9","article-title":"High performance cementing materials from industrial slags\u2014A review","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-017-1951-7","article-title":"Application on cementitious materials to promote durability of alkali-activated concrete containing co-fired fly ash and water-quenched slag","volume":"148","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Monatsh. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.937.472","article-title":"Influence of Alkaline Activator on the Strength of Fly Ash-Cement Gel Sand Material","volume":"937","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.159","article-title":"Effect of sodium sulfate and nano-SiO2 on hydration and microstructure of cementitious materials containing high volume fly ash under steam curing","volume":"163","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.450-451.832","article-title":"Study of Complex Chemical Activator on Activation Effect of Calcined Coal Gangue","volume":"450","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1919-3","article-title":"Influence of slag composition on the stability of steel in alkali-activated cementitious materials","volume":"53","author":"Criado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.006","article-title":"The effect of chemical activators on early strength of ordinary Portland cement-slag mortars","volume":"24","author":"Sajedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.004","article-title":"Morphology of cementitious material during early hydration","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s11595-017-1689-4","article-title":"Analysis of hydration mechanism and microstructure of composite cementitious materials for filling mining","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.04.013","article-title":"A poromechanics model for plastic shrinkage of fresh cementitious materials","volume":"109","author":"Ghourchian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/2\/303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:12Z","timestamp":1760185632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/2\/303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12020303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12020303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]}}}