{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:54:36Z","timestamp":1790798076534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition of crushed, extracted human teeth and the quantity of biomaterial that can be obtained from this process. A total of 100 human teeth, extracted due to trauma, decay, or periodontal disease, were analyzed. After extraction, all the teeth were classified, measured, and weighed on a microscale. The human teeth were crushed immediately using the Smart Dentin Grinder machine (KometaBio Inc., Cresskill, NJ, USA), a device specially designed for this procedure. The human tooth particles obtained were of 300\u20131200 microns, obtained by sieving through a special sorting filter, which divided the material into two compartments. The crushed teeth were weighed on a microscale, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation was performed. After processing, 0.25 gr of human teeth produced 1.0 cc of biomaterial. Significant differences in tooth weight were found between the first and second upper molars compared with the lower molars. The chemical composition of the particulate was clearly similar to natural bone. Scanning electron microscopy\u2013energy dispersive X-ray (SEM\u2013EDX) analysis of the tooth particles obtained mean results of Ca% 23.42 \u00b1 0.34 and P% 9.51 \u00b1 0.11. Pore size distribution curves expressed the interparticle pore range as one small peak at 0.0053 \u00b5m. This result is in accordance with helium gas pycnometer findings; the augmented porosity corresponded to interparticle spaces and only 2.533% corresponded to intraparticle porosity. Autogenous tooth particulate biomaterial made from human extracted teeth may be considered a potential material for bone regeneration due to its chemical composition and the quantity obtained. After grinding the teeth, the resulting material increases in quantity by up to three times its original volume, such that two extracted mandibular lateral incisors teeth will provide a sufficient amount of material to fill four empty mandibular alveoli. The tooth particles present intra and extra pores up to 44.48% after pycnometer evaluation in order to increase the blood supply and support slow resorption of the grafted material, which supports healing and replacement resorption to achieve lamellar bone. After SEM\u2013EDX evaluation, it appears that calcium and phosphates are still present within the collagen components even after the particle cleaning procedures that are conducted before use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T11:30:00Z","timestamp":1548415800000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Particulated, Extracted Human Teeth Characterization by SEM\u2013EDX Evaluation as a Biomaterial for Socket Preservation: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4067-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Calvo-Guirado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Ballester Montilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piedad N","family":"De Aza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University, 03203 Elche-Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, CEU San Pablo University, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Alexandre","family":"Gehrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnos Research Center\u2014Tecnolog\u00eda e Ciencia, Ltd., Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Cegarra-Del Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanka","family":"Mahesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Implantologist, Private Practice, New Delhi 110002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7935-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Pelegrine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, S\u00e3o Paulo 13024-530, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0187-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Aragoneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Research in Universidad Francisco Henr\u00edquez y Carvajal, 10107 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Mat\u00e9-S\u00e1nchez de Val","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00191-6","article-title":"Mechanical properties and in vitro cell compatibility of hydroxyapatite ceramics with graded pore structure","volume":"23","author":"Werner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2007.501","article-title":"Surface structural biomimetics and the osteoinduction of calcium phosphate biomaterials","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanosci. 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