{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1789639374936,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although numerical simulation accuracy makes progress rapidly, it is in an insufficient phase because of complicated phenomena of the filling process and difficulty of experimental verification in high pressure die casting (HPDC), especially in thin-wall complex die-castings. Therefore, in this paper, a flow visualization experiment is conducted, and the porosity at different locations is predicted under three different fast shot velocities. The differences in flow pattern between the actual filling process and the numerical simulation are compared. It shows that the flow visualization experiment can directly observe the actual and real-time filling process and could be an effective experimental verification method for the accuracy of the flow simulation model in HPDC. Moreover, significant differences start to appear in the flow pattern between the actual experiment and the Anycasting solution after the fragment or atomization formation. Finally, the fast shot velocity would determine the position at which the back flow meets the incoming flow. The junction of two streams of fluid would create more porosity than the other location. There is a transition in flow patterns due to drag crisis under high fast shot velocity around two staggered cylinders, which resulted in the porosity relationship also changing from R1 &lt; R3 &lt; R2 (0.88 m\/s) to R1 &lt; R2 &lt; R3 (1.59 and 2.34 m\/s).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12071099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T03:13:42Z","timestamp":1554347622000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Direct Observation of Filling Process and Porosity Prediction in High Pressure Die Casting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hanxue","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Forming and Control Department, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Forming and Control Department, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Forming and Control Department, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-007-9452-7","article-title":"Heat-Transfer Coefficient and In-Cavity Pressure at the Casting-Die Interface during High-Pressure Die Casting of the Magnesium Alloy AZ91D","volume":"39","author":"Hamasaiid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metall. 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