{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T22:13:00Z","timestamp":1781302380214,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The results of research into utilizing grinded beech bark in order to substitute commonly used fillers in urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive mixtures to bond plywood are presented in the present study. Four test groups of plywood with various adhesive mixtures were manufactured under laboratory conditions and used for experimentation. Plywood made using the same technology, with the common filler (technical flour), was used as a reference material. Three different concentrations of grinded beech bark were used. The thermal conductivity of the fillers used, viscosity and its time dependence, homogeneity and the dispersion performance of fillers were evaluated in the analysis of adhesive mixture. The time necessary for heating up the material during the pressing process was a further tested parameter. The produced plywood was analyzed in terms of its modulus of elasticity, bending strength, perpendicular tensile strength and free formaldehyde emissions. Following the research results, beech bark can be characterized as an ecologically friendly alternative to technical flour, shortening the time of pressing by up to 27%. At the same time, in terms of the statistics, the mechanical properties and stability of the material changed insignificantly, and the formaldehyde emissions reduced significantly, by up to 74%. The utilization of bark was in compliance with long-term sustainability, resulting in a decrease in the environmental impact of waste generated during the wood processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1555930973000},"page":"1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Functionality of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures Used in Plywood and Its Effect on the Stability Associated with Material Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7983-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"R\u00e9h","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7733-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rastislav","family":"Igaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2385-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013dubo\u0161","family":"Kri\u0161\u0165\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2937-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Ru\u017eiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milada","family":"Gajtanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Bo\u017e\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3875-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ku\u010derka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, 97401 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Irle, M., Barbu, M.C., R\u00e9h, R., Bergland, L., and Rowell, R.M. 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