{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:05:02Z","timestamp":1787317502427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&amp;D Outcomes","award":["COMPA-2019K000076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPA-2019K000076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aluminium\u2013copper composite materials were successfully fabricated using spark plasma sintering with Al and Cu powders as the raw materials. Al\u2013Cu composite powders were fabricated through a ball milling process, and the effect of the Cu content was investigated. Composite materials composed of Al\u201320Cu, Al\u201350Cu, and Al\u201380Cu (vol.%) were sintered by a spark plasma sintering process, which was carried out at 520 \u00b0C and 50 MPa for 5 min. The phase analysis of the composite materials by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated that intermetallic compounds (IC) such as CuAl2 and Cu9Al4 were formed through reactions between Cu and Al during the spark plasma sintering process. The mechanical properties of the composites were analysed using a Vickers hardness tester. The Al\u201350Cu composite had a hardness of approximately 151 HV, which is higher than that of the other composites. The thermal conductivity of the composite materials was measured by laser flash analysis, and the highest value was obtained for the Al\u201380Cu composite material. This suggests that the Cu content affects physical properties of the Al\u2013Cu composite material as well as the amount of intermetallic compounds formed in the composite material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12091546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T03:57:07Z","timestamp":1557719827000},"page":"1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effect of Intermetallic Compounds on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Al\u2013Cu Composite Materials Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungju","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Industrial Science Technology Research Center, Pukyong National University, 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Korea"},{"name":"Department of R&amp;D, Next Generation Materials Co., Ltd., 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9129-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hard Magnets Research, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8560, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwangjae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hard Magnets Research, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myunghoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&amp;D, Next Generation Materials Co., Ltd., 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungchan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Composites Research, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon-daero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51508, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansang","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&amp;D, Next Generation Materials Co., Ltd., 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.08.024","article-title":"Formability of lightweight alloys by hot incremental sheet forming","volume":"34","author":"Ambrogio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.07.035","article-title":"Contribution of hybrid fibers on the properties of the high-strength lightweight concrete having good workability","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/1044-5803(95)00063-1","article-title":"Light weight materials for automotive applications","volume":"35","author":"Cole","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-004-0144-0","article-title":"Titanium in the family automobile: The cost challenge","volume":"56","author":"Froes","year":"2004","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/1044-5803(95)00066-6","article-title":"Lightweight materials for aircraft applications","volume":"35","author":"Immarigeon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2016.07.035","article-title":"Towards magnesium alloys for high-volume automotive applications","volume":"128","author":"Joost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-007-1279-2","article-title":"Magnesium and its alloys applications in automotive industry","volume":"39","author":"Kulekci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Des. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.07.024","article-title":"Assessing the life cycle costs and environmental performance of lightweight materials in automobile applications","volume":"42","author":"Witik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"19","article-title":"Metal matrix composites","volume":"170","author":"Macke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Processes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.04.109","article-title":"Energy and emissions saving potential of additive manufacturing: the case of lightweight aircraft components","volume":"135","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(97)00049-6","article-title":"New cars\u2014new materials","volume":"18","author":"Jambor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2003.07.001","article-title":"Convective heat dissipation with lattice-frame materials","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-001-0139-z","article-title":"Metal-matrix composites for space applications","volume":"53","author":"Rawal","year":"2001","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.02.010","article-title":"The effects of topology upon fluid-flow and heat-transfer within cellular copper structures","volume":"47","author":"Tian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent developments of lightweight, high performance heat pipes","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1361\/105994999770346972","article-title":"Mechanical Surface Treatments of Lightweight Materials\u2014Effects on Fatigue Strength and Near-Surface Microstructures","volume":"8","author":"Zinn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.12.054","article-title":"Effect of intermetallic compound on the Al-Mg composite materials fabricated by mechanical ball milling and spark plasma sintering","volume":"739","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-014-0948-5","article-title":"Functional Metal Matrix Composites: Self-lubricating, Self-healing, and Nanocomposites-An Outlook","volume":"66","author":"Moghadam","year":"2014","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.03.014","article-title":"Mechanical and tribological properties of self-lubricating metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene\u2014A review","volume":"77","author":"Moghadam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B: Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(15)63577-4","article-title":"Effect of iron addition on microstructure, mechanical and magnetic properties of Al-matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy route","volume":"25","author":"Fathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6955(01)00041-4","article-title":"New cooling approach and tool life improvement in cryogenic machining of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V","volume":"41","author":"Hong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2015.09.057","article-title":"Toughening of aluminum matrix nanocomposites via spatial arrays of boron carbide spherical nanoparticles","volume":"103","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.05.048","article-title":"Crush response of CFRP square tube filled with aluminum honeycomb","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B: Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2018.12.128","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes-reinforced aluminum alloy functionally graded materials fabricated by powder extrusion process","volume":"745","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, K., Kim, D., Kim, K., Cho, S., and Kwon, H. (2019). Behavior of Intermetallic Compounds of Al-Ti Composite Manufactured by Spark Plasma Sintering. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12020331"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Park, K., Chang, M., Joo, S., Hong, S., Cho, S., and Kwon, H. (2019). Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials Using Aluminum Alloys via Hot Extrusion. Metals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/met9020210"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(03)00156-0","article-title":"Preparation and some properties of SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloy composites","volume":"24","author":"Sahin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2017.01.016","article-title":"Characterization of molybdenum particles reinforced Al6082 aluminum matrix composites with improved ductility produced using friction stir processing","volume":"125","author":"Selvakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.01.114","article-title":"Boron carbide reinforced aluminium matrix composite: Physical, mechanical characterization and mathematical modelling","volume":"658","author":"Shirvanimoghaddam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.06.011","article-title":"Compressive behaviour of aluminium matrix syntactic foams reinforced by iron hollow spheres","volume":"83","author":"Szlancsik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2009.10.006","article-title":"Highly thermal conductive metal\/carbon composites by pulsed electric current sintering","volume":"159","author":"Ueno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.02.029","article-title":"Effect of copper content on the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of Al\u2013Cu\/diamond composites","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2714583","article-title":"Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Nanomanufacturing of Bulk Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2014.03.003","article-title":"Functionally Graded Dual-nanoparticulate-reinforced Aluminium Matrix Bulk Materials Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering","volume":"30","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.09.055","article-title":"Thermal, electrical and wear behavior of sintered Cu\u2013W nanocomposite","volume":"46","author":"Selvakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.08.114","article-title":"Temperature dependence of microstructure and hardness of vacuum plasma sprayed Cu\u2013Mo composite coatings","volume":"200","author":"Chwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/TEPM.2005.862627","article-title":"Al\/SiC Carriers for Microwave Integrated Circuits by a New Technique of Pressureless Infiltration","volume":"29","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Packag. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.02.029","article-title":"Investigation of structure and mechanical properties of multi-layered Al\/Cu composite produced by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process","volume":"68","author":"Eizadjou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2011.05.041","article-title":"Behavior of aluminum oxide, intermetallics and voids in Cu\u2013Al wire bonds","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1063\/1.349211","article-title":"Prediction of phase formation sequence and phase stability in binary metal-aluminum thin-film systems using the effective heat of formation rule","volume":"70","author":"Pretorius","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408439991329161","article-title":"Compound Phase Formation in Thin Film Structures","volume":"24","author":"Pretorius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Hatch, J.E. (1984). Aluminum: Properties and Physical Metallurgy, American Society for Metals."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2019, January 22). Goodfellow. Available online: http:\/\/www.goodfellow.com\/pdf\/1207_1111010.pdf."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/9\/1546\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:51:00Z","timestamp":1760187060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/9\/1546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12091546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12091546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]]}}}