{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:10:30Z","timestamp":1790759430597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PEPS-Mine urbaine-2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEPS-Mine urbaine-2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-LABX-21-01 \/ LABEX RESSOURCES21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-21-01 \/ LABEX RESSOURCES21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR CARNOT programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR CARNOT programme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Development of our modern society requests a number of critical and strategic elements (platinum group metals, In, Ga, Ge\u2026) and high value added elements (Au, Ag, Se, Te, Ni\u2026) which are often concentrated in by-products during the extraction of base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn\u2026). Further, recycling of end-of-life materials employed in high technology, renewable energy and transport by conventional extractive processes also leads to the concentration of such chemical elements and their compounds in metallurgical by-products and\/or co-products. One of these materials, copper anode slime (CAS), derived from a copper electrolytic refining factory, was used for this study. The sample was subjected to isothermal treatment from 225 to 770 \u00b0C under air atmosphere and the reaction products were systematically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy through energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate the thermal behavior of the treated sample. The main components of the anode slime (CuAgSe, Cu2-xSeyS1-y, Ag3AuSe2) react with oxygen, producing mostly copper and selenium oxides as well as Ag-Au alloys as final products at temperatures higher than 500 \u00b0C. Selenium dioxide (SeO2) is volatilized and recovered in pure state by cooling the gaseous phase, whilst copper(II) oxide, silver, gold and tellurium remain in the treatment residue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12101625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T11:06:46Z","timestamp":1558091206000},"page":"1625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Thermochemical Route for Extraction and Recycling of Critical, Strategic and High Value Elements from By-Products and End-of-Life Materials, Part I: Treatment of a Copper By-Product in Air Atmosphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ndue","family":"Kanari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoRessources Laboratory, UMR 7359 CNRS, CREGU, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 2, rue du doyen Roubault, BP 10162, 54505 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Allain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoRessources Laboratory, UMR 7359 CNRS, CREGU, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 2, rue du doyen Roubault, BP 10162, 54505 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seit","family":"Shallari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural University of Tirana, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, 1029 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Diot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoRessources Laboratory, UMR 7359 CNRS, CREGU, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 2, rue du doyen Roubault, BP 10162, 54505 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Diliberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS, Labex DAMAS, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Campus Artem, 2 all\u00e9e Andr\u00e9 Guinier, BP 50840, 54011 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0743-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Patisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS, Labex DAMAS, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Campus Artem, 2 all\u00e9e Andr\u00e9 Guinier, BP 50840, 54011 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Yvon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoRessources Laboratory, UMR 7359 CNRS, CREGU, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 2, rue du doyen Roubault, BP 10162, 54505 Vandoeuvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, March 15). 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