{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:24:49Z","timestamp":1780511089605,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Determining a desirable strain rate-temperature range for superplasticity and elongation-to-failure are critical concerns during the prediction of superplastic forming processes in \u03b1 + \u03b2 titanium-based alloys. This paper studies the superplastic deformation behaviour and related microstructural evolution of conventionally processed sheets of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a strain rate range of 10\u20135\u201310\u20132 s\u20131 and a temperature range of 750\u2013900 \u00b0C. Thermo-Calc calculation and microstructural analysis of the as-annealed samples were done in order to determine the \u03b1\/\u03b2 ratio and the grain size of the phases prior to the superplastic deformation. The strain rate ranges, which corresponds to the superplastic behaviour with strain rate sensitivity index m \u02c3 0.3, are identified by step-by-step decreasing strain rate tests for various temperatures. Results of the uniaxial isothermal tensile tests at a constant strain rate range of 3 \u00d7 10\u22124\u20133 \u00d7 10\u22123 s\u22121 and a temperature range of 800\u2013900 \u00b0C are presented and discussed. The experimental stress-strain data are utilized to construct constitutive models, with the purpose of predicting the flow stress behaviour of this alloy. The cross-validation approach is used to examine the predictability of the constructed models. The models exhibit excellent approximation and predictability of the flow behaviour of the studied alloy. Strain-induced changes in the grain structure are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. Particular attention is paid to the comparison between the deformation behaviour and the microstructural evolution at 825 \u00b0C and 875 \u00b0C. Maximum elongation-to-failure of 635% and low residual cavitation were observed after a strain of 1.8 at 1 \u00d7 10\u22123 s\u22121 and 825 \u00b0C. This temperature provides 23 \u00b1 4% \u03b2 phase and a highly stable grain structure of both phases. The optimum deformation temperature obtained for the studied alloy is 825 \u00b0C, which is considered a comparatively low deformation temperature for the studied Ti-6Al-4V alloy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12111756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1559214464000},"page":"1756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy: Microstructure Evolution and Constitutive Modelling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0247-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed O.","family":"Mosleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d, Leninsky Prospekt 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, 108 Shoubra St, Cairo 11629, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia V.","family":"Mikhaylovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d, Leninsky Prospekt 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7646-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton D.","family":"Kotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology \u201cMISiS\u201d, Leninsky Prospekt 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Kwame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Forming Research Centre-University of Strathclyde, 85 Inchinnan Dr, Inchinnan, Renfrew PA4 9LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey A.","family":"Aksenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Tallinskaya 34, 123458 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(91)90312-B","article-title":"The physics of superplastic deformation","volume":"137","author":"Langdon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mater. 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