{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:03:28Z","timestamp":1781730208830,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Chile","award":["FONDEQUIP 160152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDEQUIP 160152"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes the production of nanoparticles of Chilean natural zeolite, using three size reduction methods: Ball mill, microgrinding, and microfluidization. Morphological characterization of samples indicated an average diameter of 37.2 \u00b1 15.8 nm of the zeolite particles. The size reduction and chemical treatments did not affect the morphology or integrity of the zeolite. An increase of the zeolite samples\u2019 Si\/Al ratio was observed after the acid treatment and was confirmed by SEM-EDX analysis. Moreover, the effectiveness of the copper salt ion exchange (Cu2+) to the zeolite nanoparticles was analyzed by SEM-EDX. XRD analysis indicated that clinoptilolite and mordenite are the main phases of Chilean natural zeolite, and the crystalline structure was not affected by the modification processes. The FTIR characterization showed the presence of chemical bonds of copper with the zeolite nanoparticle framework. The ion-exchanged zeolite nanoparticles were evaluated for antibacterial behavior by the disc diffusion method. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were obtained. Microbiological assays with copper-exchanged nanozeolites showed an antimicrobial activity with a bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which are the primary pathogens of food and are also resistant to multiple drugs. In this study, a new application for natural nanozeolites is demonstrated, as the incorporated copper ions (Cu2+) in nanozeolites registered a productive antibacterial activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12132202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1562727926000},"page":"2202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Obtaining Nanoparticles of Chilean Natural Zeolite and its Ion Exchange with Copper Salt (Cu2+) for Antibacterial Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0988-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Vergara-Figueroa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biomateriales y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Maderas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5356-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serguei","family":"Alejandro-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Maderas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Nanomaterials and Catalysts for Sustainable Processes Group (NanoCat<i>p<\/i>PS), Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Pesenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Procesos Industriales, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Cerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Alimentos, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-3296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Gacit\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biomateriales y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Maderas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callejas-Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Estelrich, J., Quesada-P\u00e9rez, M., and Forcada, J. 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