{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:44:22Z","timestamp":1788918262848,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The areas of Central and Eastern Europe and, thus, Poland are not exposed to the effects of seismic actions. Any possible tremors can be caused by coal or copper mining. Wind, rheological effects, the impact of other objects, or a nonuniform substrate are the predominant types of loading included in the calculations for stiffening walls. The majority of buildings in Poland, as in most other European countries, are low, medium-high brick buildings. Some traditional materials, like solid brick (&gt;10% of construction materials market) are still used, but autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) and cement-sand calcium-silicate (Ca-Si) elements with thin joints are prevailing (&gt;70% of the market) on the Polish market. Adding reinforcement only to bed joints in a wall is a satisfactory solution (in addition to confining) for seismic actions occurring in Poland that improves ULS (ultimate limit state) and SLS (serviceability limit state). This paper presents results from our own tests on testing horizontal shear walls without reinforcement and with different types of reinforcement. This discussion includes 51 walls made of solid brick (CB) reinforced with steel bars and steel trusses and results from tests on 15 walls made of calcium-silicate (Ca-Si) and AAC masonry units reinforced with steel trusses and plastic meshes. Taking into account our own tests and those conducted by other authors, empirical relationships were determined on the basis of more than 90 walls. They are applicable to the design and construction phases to determine the likely effect of reinforcements on cracking stress that damage shear deformation and wall stiffness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12162543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"2543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Research on the Influence of Bed Joint Reinforcement on Strength and Deformability of Masonry Shear Walls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-4971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Jasi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Structures, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dialer, C.H. (1991, January 13\u201316). Some Remarks on the Strength and Deformation Behavior of Shear Stressed Masonry Panels under Static Monotonic Loading. Proceedings of the 9th International Brick\/Block Masonry Conference, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Timperman, P., and Rice, J.A. (,  1995). Bed Joint Reinforcement Masonry. Proceedings of the 4th International Masonry Conference, London, UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.masonry.org.uk\/downloads\/proceedings-of-the-4th-international-masonry-conference\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Shing, P.B., Lofti, P.B., Barzegarmehrabi, A., and Brunner, J. (1992, January 19\u201324). Finite Element Analysis of Shear Resistance of Masonry Wall Panels with and Without Confining Frames. Proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:9(2204)","article-title":"Inelastic Behavior of Concrete Masonry Shear Walls","volume":"115","author":"Shing","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"646","article-title":"Flexural and Shear Response of Reinforced Masonry Walls","volume":"87","author":"Shing","year":"1990","journal-title":"ACI Struct. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:3(619)","article-title":"In-Plane Resistance of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls","volume":"116","author":"Shing","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.002","article-title":"Estimation of in-plane shear capacity of confined masonry walls with and without openings using strut-and-tie analysis","volume":"188","author":"Tripathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.05.036","article-title":"Assessing the performance of CFRP strengthening on masonry walls using experimental modal analysis","volume":"193","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.09.015","article-title":"Seismic strengthening of infill walls with perforated steel plates","volume":"152","author":"Babayani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Toma\u017eevi\u010d, M., and Lutman, M. (1997, January 14\u201316). Influence of Reinforcement and Block Strength on Seismic Behavior of Reinforcement Masonry Walls. Proceedings of the 11th International Brick\/Block Masonry Conference, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:7(2166)","article-title":"Seismic Shear Capacity of Reinforced Masonry Piers","volume":"117","author":"Sucuoglu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Shedid, M.T., Hamid, A.A., and Drysdale, R.G. (2005, January 8\u201312). Ductility of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls and Impact of Incomplete Grouting. Proceedings of the 10th Canadian Masonry Symposium, Banff, Alberta."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.01.019","article-title":"Shear response of partially-grouted reinforced masonry walls with a central opening: Testing and detailed micro-modelling","volume":"118","author":"Sandoval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mahmoud, A., and Abdu Elmagd, S. (1999, January 25\u201327). Masonry reinforced with FRP\u2014Walls with openings. Proceedings of the IABSE Symposium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(02)00043-0","article-title":"Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by FRP laminates","volume":"16","author":"Valluzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2012.10.026","article-title":"Static cyclic in-plane shear response of damaged masonry walls retrofitted with NSM FRP strips\u2014An experimental evaluation","volume":"50","author":"Konthesingha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Scrivener, J.C. (2, January November). Static Racking Tests on Concrete Masonry Walls, Designing Engineering and Construction with Masonry Product. Proceedings of the International Conference on Masonry Structural System, Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"131","article-title":"Tests of Reinforced Masonry Walls Subjected to in In-Plane Loading","volume":"10","author":"Ernst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Darmstad Concr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, G., \u00d6tes, A., and Ernst, M. (,  1995). Test on Masonry Walls with Openings Subjected to In-Plane Loads. Proceedings of the 4th International Masonry Conference, London, UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.masonry.org.uk\/downloads\/proceedings-of-the-4th-international-masonry-conference\/."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"65","article-title":"Shear Strength of Reinforced Masonry","volume":"14","author":"Brunner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mason. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger, W., and Khorramabadi, S.M.T. (2006, January 1\u201330). The Effects of Bed Joint and Vertical Reinforcement on Adobe Masonry (Mud Brick) Walls Under Compressive and In-Plane Shear Loading. Proceedings of the 7th International Masonry Conference, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.014","article-title":"Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by high strength steel cords","volume":"25","author":"Borri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Haach, V.G., Vasconcelos, G., and Louren\u00e7o, P.B. (2014, January 7\u20139). Study of The Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Wallets Subjected to Diagonal Compression through Numerical Modeling. Proceedings of the 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.05.032","article-title":"Seismic behavior and improvement of autoclaved aerated concrete infill walls","volume":"193","author":"Binici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.04.062","article-title":"Experimental performance of FRCM retrofit on out-of-plane behaviour of clay brick walls","volume":"148","author":"Lignola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107050","article-title":"FRCM strengthening of clay brick walls for out of plane loads","volume":"174","author":"Lignola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Xingzahi, C., Jinguo, L., and Jiang, X. (1991, January 13\u201316). Shear Strength of Brick Masonry with Reinforced Networks in Bed Joints Subject to Combined Actions. Proceedings of the 9th International Brick\/Block Masonry Conference, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sanpaelesi, L., and Cieni, P. (, January June). Experimental Analysis of a Reinforced Masonry Tipology Under Static and Cyclic Loadings to be Used in Seismic Areas. Proceedings of the 3rd International CIB Symposium\u2014Wall Structures, Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"An\u010di\u0107, D., and Steinman, V. (, January June). Tensile Strength of Masonry Walls as a Factor of Earthquake Resistance of Masonry Buildings. Proceedings of the 3rd International CIB Symposium\u2014Wall Structures, Warszawa, Poland."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Jasi\u0144ski, R. (2010, January 4\u20137). Study of Reinforced Clay Brick Masonry Walls Horizontally Sheared. Proceedings of the 8th International Masonry Conference, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Piekarczyk, A. (2010, January 4\u20137). Shear Modulus and Non-dilatational Strains of Unreinforced and Reinforced Clay Brick Masonry. Proceedings of the 8th International Masonry Conference, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2005). Eurocode 6: Design of Masonry Structures. Part 1-1: General Rules for Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry Structures, The European Union. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2016). Specification for Ancillary Components for Masonry. Part 3: Bed Joint Reinforcement of Steel Meshwork, NSAI Standards. EN 845-3:2013+A1:2016."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2011). Methods of Test for Masonry Units. Determination of Compressive Strength, The British Standards Institution. EN 772-1."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2007). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry. Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar, The British Standards Institution. EN 1015-11."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2000). Methods of Test for Masonry. Part 1: Determination of Compressive Strength, The British Standards Institution. EN 1052-1."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2004). Methods of Test for Masonry. Part 3: Determination of Initial Shear Strength, The British Standards Institution. EN 1052-3."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2007). Masonry Structures. Design and Calculation, The European Union. PN-B-03002."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Comparison Research of Bed Joints Construction and Bed Joints Reinforcement on Shear Parameters of AAC Masonry Walls","volume":"12","author":"Drobiec","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Archit."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.08.758","article-title":"Study of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry Walls with Horizontal Reinforcement under Compression and Shear","volume":"161","author":"Drobiec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Volk, W. (2013). Applied Statistics for Engineers, Literary Licensing LLC."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/16\/2543\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:59Z","timestamp":1760188199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/16\/2543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12162543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12162543","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201907.0175.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]}}}