{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:39:57Z","timestamp":1768592397411,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,11]],"date-time":"2019-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University","award":["T-751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T-751"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, different prosthetic designs that could be applied instead of advanced surgical techniques in atrophic maxilla were evaluated with finite element analysis. Atrophic posterior maxilla was modeled using computer tomography images and four models were prepared as follows: Model 1 (M1), two implants supporting a three-unit distal cantilever prosthesis; Model 2 (M2), two implants supporting a three-unit conventional fixed partial denture; Model 3 (M3), three implants supporting three connected crowns; and Model 4 (M4), two implants supporting two connected crowns. Implants 4 mm in width and 8 mm or 13 mm in length were used. A linear three-dimensional finite element programme was used for analysis. The maximum principle stress (tensile) and minimum principle stress (compressive) were used to display stress in cortical and cancellous bones. The von Mises criteria were used to evaluate the stress on the implants. M1 was found to be the most risky model. The short dental arch case (M4) revealed the lowest stresses among the models but is not recommended when one more implant can be placed because of the bending forces that could occur at the mesial implant. In M2 and M3, the distal implants were placed bicortically between the crestal and sinus cortical plates, causing a fall of the stresses because of the bicortical stability of these implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12162556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"2556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Effect of the Length and Distribution of Implants for Fixed Prosthetic Reconstructions in the Atrophic Posterior Maxilla: A Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Brunilda","family":"Cenkoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Albanian University, 1001 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilufer","family":"Balcioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayfun","family":"Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eitan","family":"Mijiritsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 5219100 Ramat Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.01.104","article-title":"The effect of different occlusal contact situations on peri-implant bone stress\u2014A contact finite element analysis of indirect axial loading","volume":"99","author":"Brune","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Preliminary study to evaluate marginal bone loss in cases of 2-and 3-implant supported fixed partial prostheses of the posterior mandible","volume":"4","author":"Segal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2303","article-title":"Risk assessment in long -term survival rates of dental implants: A prospective clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Mohanty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0000000000000879","article-title":"Influence of Implant Length and Associated Parameters Upon Biomechanical Forces in Finite Element Analyses: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Hingsammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Implant. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1995.060405.x","article-title":"Ten-year survival rates of fixed prostheses on four or six implants ad modum Br\u00e5nemark in full edentulism","volume":"6","author":"Svensson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misch, C.E. (2014). Dental Implant Prosthetics, Mosby. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07845-0.00016-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj.93.21","article-title":"A Study of the Maxillary Sinus Volume in Elderly Persons Using Japanese Cadavers","volume":"93","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasi.2014.04.007","article-title":"Measurements of maxillary sinus volume and dimensions by computed tomography scan for gender determination","volume":"63","author":"Suresh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anat. Soc. India"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2014.02.016","article-title":"Longevity of dental implants in type IV bone: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Goiato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1995.tb00212.x","article-title":"General and local contradictions for endosteal implants, an epidermiological panoramic radiographic study in 65-year old subjects","volume":"23","author":"Oikarinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2014.10.001","article-title":"Maxillary sinus augmentation","volume":"59","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)02107-3","article-title":"Maxillary and sinus implant reconstruction","volume":"30","author":"Tatum","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.01.005","article-title":"Short dental implants versus standard dental implants placed in the posterior jaws: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Lemos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12563","article-title":"Short dental implants as compared to maxillary sinus augmentation procedure for the rehabilitation of edentulous posterior maxilla: Three-year results of a randomized clinical study","volume":"20","author":"Taschieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.16-0321","article-title":"Retrospective cohort clinical investigation of a dental implant with a narrow diameter and short length for the partial rehabilitation of extremely atrophic jaws","volume":"59","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2016.07.003","article-title":"Short dental implant is considered as a reliable treatment option for patients with atrophic posterior maxilla","volume":"16","author":"Alqutaibi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12546","article-title":"The influence of crown-to-implant ratio on marginal bone levels around splinted short dental implants: A radiological and clinical short term analysis","volume":"19","author":"Hingsammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"391","article-title":"Short implants as an alternative to crestal sinus lift: A 3-year multicenter randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Gastaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1218482","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of sinus floor elevation and alternative treatment methods for dental implant placement","volume":"20","author":"Alpaslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2016.1239276","article-title":"Stress distribution on short implants with different designs: A photoelastic analysis","volume":"41","author":"Goiato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2015.02.004","article-title":"Number and localization of the implants for the fixed prosthetic reconstructions: On the strain in the anterior maxillary region","volume":"37","author":"Yeniyol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.080178","article-title":"Effect of microthreads and platform switching on crestal bone stress levels: A finite element analysis","volume":"79","author":"Schrotenboer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Wheeler, R.C. (1969). An Atlas of Tooth Form, Saunders. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90219-9","article-title":"Three dimensional mathematical model of the human masticatory system predicting maximum possible bite forces","volume":"21","author":"Koolstra","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Okeson, J.P. (2012). Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, Mosby. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2517","article-title":"Effect of bone length on stres distribution in implant finite element analysis","volume":"76","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.10.003","article-title":"Angled abutment result in incerased or descreasded stress on surrounding bone of single-unit dental implants: A finite element analysis","volume":"334","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.2002.130613.x","article-title":"Three-dimensional finite element analysis of implant stability in atrophic posterior maxilla","volume":"13","author":"Tepper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(01)00057-4","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the effect of diameter, length and number of implants supporting three-unit fixed partial prostheses on stress distribution in the bone","volume":"30","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(83)90361-X","article-title":"Biomechanical considerations in osseointegrated prosthesis","volume":"49","author":"Skalak","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1287905","article-title":"Finite element analysis of implant-supported prosthesis with pontic and cantilever in the posterior maxilla","volume":"20","author":"Verri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/16\/2556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:17Z","timestamp":1760188217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/16\/2556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12162556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12162556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,11]]}}}