{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T03:45:14Z","timestamp":1776743114026,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015R1D1A1A09057667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1D1A1A09057667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1A6A3A01096512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6A3A01096512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the development and evaluation of fall-impact protection pants for elderly women using additive manufacturing. The protective pants were designed incorporating a protective pad in the hip area to reduce the impact of falls on the human body. The protective pad is a 3D mesh structure with a curved surface to fit the human body. Pads printed with flexible thermoplastic polyurethane were combined with foam to create the final pad. The impact-absorbing performance of the pad was verified through physical impact experiments. When dropping a bowling ball onto the protective pad from heights of 15, 20, and 25 cm, the protective pad was found to reduce the impact force by more than 82% in all cases. The impact force was less than the average fracture threshold of 3472 N. A subject group and an expert group evaluated the appearance, pad characteristics, motion functionality, and the wearability of the protection pants. Despite the insertion of a pad, the pants appeared natural and had a good fit. The pads were evaluated as being well-designed in terms of their position, shape, area, thickness, weight, flexibility, ease of insertion, and ease of use. Users were comfortable performing various motions when wearing the designed protective clothing. Therefore, this work can be considered to have developed protective clothing that provides satisfactory impact-protection performance and comfort thereby advancing the possibility of applying additive manufacturing to the creation of functional garments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1571657875000},"page":"3440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Fall Impact Protection Pads Using Additive Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jung Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing and Textiles, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee-Kyeong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing and Textiles, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong Ran","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing and Textiles, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.012","article-title":"Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges","volume":"143","author":"Ngo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-010-0476-x","article-title":"3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications","volume":"5","author":"Rengier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6308-8","article-title":"Impact of 3D printing technology on the comprehension of surgical liver anatomy","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2531-1","article-title":"An Overview of 3D Printing Technologies for Soft Materials and Potential Opportunities for Lipid-based Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"36","author":"Vithani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res. Dordr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanase-Opedal, M., Espinosa, E., Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2019). Lignin: A Biopolymer from Forestry Biomass for Biocomposites and 3D Printing. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12183006"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adumitroaie, A., Antonov, F., Khaziev, A., Azarov, A., Golubev, M., and Vasiliev, V.V. (2019). Novel Continuous Fiber Bi-Matrix Composite 3-D Printing Technology. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12183011"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2015.1111519","article-title":"3D printing in aerospace and its long-term sustainability","volume":"10","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-018-3614-1","article-title":"Selective Reinforcement of Aerospace Structures Using Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing","volume":"28","author":"Hehr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/17543266.2016.1223355","article-title":"The application of 3D printing technology in the fashion industry","volume":"10","author":"Vanderploeg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fashion Des. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/17543266.2017.1306118","article-title":"3D-printed apparel and 3D-printer: Exploring advantages, concerns, and purchases","volume":"11","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Fashion Des. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.08.033","article-title":"A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies","volume":"74","author":"Gebler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2014.938993","article-title":"Additive manufacture of fashion and jewellery products: a mini review: This paper provides an insight into the future of 3D printing industries for fashion and jewellery products","volume":"9","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-018-0152-2","article-title":"Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry","volume":"5","author":"Pasricha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fashion Textiles"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2014-0126","article-title":"Direct 3D printing of polymers onto textiles: experimental studies and applications","volume":"21","author":"Pei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melnikova, R., Ehrmann, A., and Finsterbusch, K. (2014). 3D printing of textile-based structures by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) with different polymer materials. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/62\/1\/012018"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"163","article-title":"3D Web-Based Virtual Try On of Physically Simulated Clothes","volume":"8","author":"Kevelham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2016.09.021","article-title":"Three-dimensional printing for restoration of the donor face: A new digital technique tested and used in the first facial allotransplantation patient in Finland","volume":"69","author":"Makitie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plast Reconstr. Aes."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1067\/mhc.2001.119263","article-title":"A fall prevention program for the home environment","volume":"6","author":"Gallagher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Home Care Provid."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0571-9","article-title":"Effect of soft shell hip protectors on pressure distribution to the hip during sideways falls","volume":"19","author":"Laing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.009","article-title":"Effect of hip protectors, falling angle and body mass index on pressure distribution over the hip during simulated falls","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl186","article-title":"Are hip protectors correctly positioned in use?","volume":"36","author":"Minns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2004.09.010","article-title":"The effect of type of hip protector and resident characteristics on adherence to use of hip protectors in nursing and residential homes\u2014An exploratory study","volume":"42","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.01.007","article-title":"Comparison of impact force attenuation by various combinations of hip protector and flooring material using a simplified fall-impact simulation device","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.08.016","article-title":"The effects of pad geometry and material properties on the biomechanical effectiveness of 26 commercially available hip protectors","volume":"44","author":"Laing","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.01.156","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of hard and soft hip protectors, and the influence of soft tissue","volume":"39","author":"Schaap","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.02.011","article-title":"Development of a new design of hip protectors using finite element analysis and mechanical tests","volume":"30","author":"Daners","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.07.001","article-title":"Effects of trochanteric soft tissue thickness and hip impact velocity on hip fracture in sideways fall through 3D finite element simulations","volume":"41","author":"Majumder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"218","article-title":"Effect of build orientation in 3D printing production for material extrusion, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet object lamination, vat photopolymerisation, and powder bed fusion","volume":"5","author":"Salmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Collab. Enterp."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/20\/3440\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:28:05Z","timestamp":1760189285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/20\/3440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12203440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12203440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]}}}