{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T03:22:12Z","timestamp":1778815332790,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maize has great potential, especially as a substrate for biofuels production. The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility of usage in methane fermentation maize straw harvested in different weather conditions, which had an influence on different physical parameters, mainly the dry mass content. The research has shown that maize straw harvested in Central-Eastern Europe can have a broad spectrum of dry mass content, which is related to diverse weather conditions during autumn. However, independently from moisture content, maize straw can be a good (for more wet material) or very good (for more dried straw) substrate for the biogas plant. With the methane productivity reaching 201\u2013207 m3\/Mg of fresh mass, this material is a significantly better substrate than that typically used in Europe maize silage (approximately 105 m3\/Mg FM). It was noted that the retention time for maize straw (36\u201342 days) is longer than in the case of maize silage (less than 30 days). However, this difference is quite small and can be accepted by the biogas plant operators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12233848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1574413372000},"page":"3848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Maize Straw as a Valuable Energetic Material for Biogas Plant Feeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7560-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Mazurkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, Pozna\u0144 60\u2013627, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Marczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Transport Machines, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, G\u0142\u0119boka 28, Lublin 20\u2013612, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Pochwatka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczy\u0144skiego 7, Lublin 20\u2013069, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kujawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, Pozna\u0144 60\u2013627, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dach, J. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Johnson, J., Reicosky, D., Sharratt, B., Lindstrom, M., and Voorhees, W. (2019, August 26). Corn Stover as a Biofuel. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/252816491_Corn_stover_as_a_biofuel."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189139","article-title":"Challenges in Scaling Up Biofuels Infrastructure","volume":"329","author":"Richard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019, August 26). Grain Production Worldwide by Type, 2018\/19|Statista. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/263977\/world-grain-production-by-type\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019, August 26). Agricultural Production\u2014Crops\u2014Statistics Explained. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php\/Agricultural_production_-_crops."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.09.087","article-title":"Searching for possibilities to improve the performance of full scale agricultural biogas plants","volume":"116","author":"Wandera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121338","article-title":"Synergetic effect of combined ensiling of freshly harvested and excessively wilted maize stover for efficient biogas production","volume":"285","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.092","article-title":"Thermal properties of fractions of corn stover","volume":"210","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.3390\/en4071102","article-title":"Combustion of Corn Stover Bales in a Small 146-kW Boiler","volume":"4","author":"Morissette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Barten, T.J. (2013). Evaluation and Prediction of Corn Stover Biomass and Composition from Commercially Available Corn Hybrids. [Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wang, J.S., Steinberger, Y., Wang, X.Y., Hu, L., Chen, X., and Xie, G.H. (2019, August 26). Variations of Chemical Composition in Corn Stover Used for Biorefining. Available online: https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/asp\/jbmb\/2014\/00000008\/00000006\/art00010."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1755","article-title":"Corn stover as feedstock for the production of ethanol: Chemical composition of different anatomical fractions and varieties","volume":"11","author":"Berchem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-2-29","article-title":"Optimizing harvest of corn stover fractions based on overall sugar yields following ammonia fiber expansion pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"2","author":"Garlock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.07.086","article-title":"Heat capacity measurements of various biomass types and pyrolysis residues","volume":"115","author":"Dupont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01017","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20181001017","article-title":"Economic Assessment of the Technology Harvesting Maize Straw for Biogas Production","volume":"10","author":"Wojcieszak","year":"2018","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2004.09.003","article-title":"Variation in corn stover composition and energy content with crop maturity","volume":"28","author":"Pordesimo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Quality of biomass pellets used as fuel or raw material for syngas production","volume":"94","author":"Kowalczuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Przemysl Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Operational studies of prototype biomass gasification reactor","volume":"17","author":"Piechocki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rocz. Ochr. Srodowiska"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Effects of biochemical and thermochemical conversion of sorghum biomass to usable energy","volume":"94","author":"Marczuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Przemysl Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2007.0150","article-title":"Corn Stover to Sustain Soil Organic Carbon Further Constrains Biomass Supply","volume":"99","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3141\/2168-16","article-title":"Analysis of Fuel Ethanol Transportation Activity and Potential Distribution Constraints","volume":"2168","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.10.097","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of lignocellulosic bioethanol: Environmental impacts and energy balance","volume":"42","author":"Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.08.038","article-title":"Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: An overview on feedstocks and technological approaches","volume":"66","author":"Zabed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2018.03.004","article-title":"Bioethanol from corn stover\u2014A review and technical assessment of alternative biotechnologies","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.04.037","article-title":"Bioethanol from corn stover\u2014Global warming footprint of alternative biotechnologies","volume":"247","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1899","article-title":"EISA (Energy Independence and Security Act) compliant ethanol fuel from corn stover in a depot-based decentralized system","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.105322","article-title":"Coupling energy-production processes: The use of residues from bioethanol production to improve the anaerobic digestion of corn stover","volume":"128","author":"Octavio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2009.07.011","article-title":"European biomass resource potential and costs","volume":"34","author":"Faaij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172346","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.172346","article-title":"Characteristics of biochar pellets from corn straw under different pyrolysis temperatures","volume":"5","author":"Xing","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, W., Guo, Y., Hu, F., Fan, Z., Feng, F., Zhao, C., Yu, A., and Chai, Q. (2018). Wheat-Maize Intercropping with Reduced Tillage and Straw Retention: A Step Towards Enhancing Economic and Environmental Benefits in Arid Areas. Front. Plant Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01328"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"474","article-title":"Energy potential of densified biomass from maize straw in form of pellets and briquettes","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agron. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zbytek, Z., Dach, J., Paw\u0142owski, T., Smurzy\u0144ska, A., Czeka\u0142a, W., and Janczak, D. (2016). Energy and economic potential of maize straw used for biofuels production. MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20166004008"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2019, October 31). Straw Burning Plants Contributing to \u201cSevere Straw Shortages\u201d. Available online: http:\/\/www.npa-uk.org.uk\/Straw_burning_plants_contributing_to_severe_straw_shortages.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojcieszak, D., Przyby\u0142, J., Mazurkiewicz, J., Janczak, D., and Zaborowicz, M. (2018, January 3\u20136). Increasing the energy value of corn stover used in biogas plant without pre-processing. Proceedings of the 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018, Sofia, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.5593\/sgem2018V\/4.3\/S11.059"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2019.02.008","article-title":"Simplified model of torrefaction-grinding process integrated with a power plant","volume":"188","author":"Haseli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.20084","article-title":"Biomass moisture relations of an agricultural field residue: Corn stover","volume":"48","author":"Womac","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.27380","article-title":"Densification characteristics of corn stover and switchgrass","volume":"52","author":"Kaliyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.08.014","article-title":"Neural image analysis for maturity classification of sewage sludge composted with maize straw","volume":"109","author":"Kujawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1515\/jwld-2016-0020","article-title":"Influence of maize straw content with sewage sludge on composting process","volume":"30","author":"Dach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Land Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.17221\/31\/2017-RAE","article-title":"Effect of chopped maize straw on the quantity and quality of biogas produced","volume":"63","author":"Dobek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Smurzyska, A., Dach, J., Kozowski, K., Mazurkiewicz, J., Woniak, E., Boniecki, P., Kupryaniuk, K., Janczak, D., and Brzoski, M. (2017, January 21\u201324). Relevant biogas substrate\u2014Maize silage vs slaughterhouse waste. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Agriculture, Food and Environment, Chania, Crete Island, Greece."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2018.5.4.4","article-title":"First-order estimates of the costs, input-output energy analysis, and energy returns on investment of conventional and emerging biofuels feedstocks","volume":"5","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.03.035","article-title":"Comparative environmental performance of lignocellulosic ethanol from different feedstocks","volume":"14","author":"Moreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1554","article-title":"All biomass is local: The cost, volume produced, and global warming impact of cellulosic biofuels depend strongly on logistics and local conditions","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.09.020","article-title":"Uncertainties in corn stover feedstock supply logistics cost and life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions for butanol production","volume":"208","author":"Baral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.02.020","article-title":"A review of crop straw pretreatment methods for biogas production by anaerobic digestion in China","volume":"107","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Polish Standard PN-75 C-04616\/01 (1975). Determination of Dry Matter of Sludge and Organic Substances. Water and Sewage. Special Sludge Tests. Determination of Water Content, Dry Matter, Organic Substances and Mineral Substances in Sewage Sludge, Polish Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Polish Standard PN-Z-15011-3 (2001). Municipal Waste Compost\u2014Determination of pH, Organic Matter Content, Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, Polish Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Polish Standard PN-90 C-04540\/01 (1990). Water and Waste Water\u2014Tests for pH, Acidity and Alkalinity. Electrometric pH Determination of Water and Waste Water with Specific Conductivity 10 \u00b5S\/cm and Higher, Polish Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Polish Standard PN-EN 27888: 1999 (1999). Water Quality\u2014Determination of Specific Electrical Conductivity, Polish Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"DIN 38 414\/S8 (2012). German Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, Waste Water and Sludge; Sludge and Sediments (Group S); Determination of the Amenability to Anaerobic Digestion (S 8), DIN Deutches Institut f\u00fcr Normung e. V."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"VDI 4630 (2016). Fermentation of Organic Materials. Characterization of the Substrate, Sampling, Collection of Material Data, Fermentation Tests, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.06.070","article-title":"Methane fermentation of the maize straw silage under meso- and thermophilic conditions","volume":"115","author":"Dach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Dach, J., J\u00f3\u017awiakowski, K., Kowalczyk-Ju\u015bko, A., Koz\u0142owski, K., and Neugebauer, M. (2016, January 2\u20135). Biogas plant exploitation under the low-subsidies market conditions: Maize silage versus biowaste scenarios. Proceedings of the 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2016, Sofia, Bulgaria."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janczak, D., Koz\u0142owski, K., Zbytek, Z., Cie\u015blik, M., Buga\u0142a, A., and Czeka\u0142a, W. (2016). Energetic efficiency of the vegetable waste used as substrate for biogas production. MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20166406002"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Koz\u0142owski, K., Dach, J., Czeka\u0142a, W., and Lewicki, A. (2019, September 11). Influence of Maize Silage Storage Conditions on Biogas Efficiency. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308994841_Influence_of_maize_silage_storage_conditions_on_biogas_efficiency."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.12911\/22998993\/91270","article-title":"The effect of mixing during laboratory fermentation of maize straw with thermophilic technology","volume":"19","author":"Mazurkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02027","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20181002027","article-title":"Influence of the Harvesting and Ensilage Technology on the Quality of Maize Straw Silage","volume":"10","author":"Wojcieszak","year":"2018","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/23\/3848\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:36:35Z","timestamp":1760189795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/12\/23\/3848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma12233848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma12233848","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]}}}