{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:18:28Z","timestamp":1791980308954,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the influences of build orientation and post-fabrication processes, including stress-relief, machining, and shot-peening, on the fatigue behavior of stainless steel (SS) 316L manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM) are studied. It was found that horizontally-built (XY) and machined (M) test pieces, which had not been previously studied in the literature, in both stress-relieved (SR) or non-stress-relieved (NSR) conditions show superior fatigue behavior compared to vertically-built (ZX) and conventionally-manufactured SS 316L. The XY, M, and SR (XY-M-SR) test pieces displayed fatigue behavior similar to the XY-M-NSR test pieces, implying that SR does not have a considerable effect on the fatigue behavior of XY and M test pieces. ZX-M-SR test pieces, due to their considerably lower ductility, exhibited significantly larger scatter and a lower fatigue strength compared to ZX-M-NSR samples. Shot-peening (SP) displayed a positive effect on improving the fatigue behavior of the ZX-NSR test pieces due to a compressive stress of 58 MPa induced on the surface of the test pieces. Fractography of the tensile and fatigue test pieces revealed a deeper understanding of the relationships between the process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties for SS 316L produced by laser systems. For example, fish-eye fracture pattern or spherical stair features were not previously observed or explained for cyclically-loaded SLM-printed parts in the literature. This study provides comprehensive insight into the anisotropy of the static and fatigue properties of SLM-printed parts, as well as the pre- and post-fabrication parameters that can be employed to improve the fatigue behavior of steel alloys manufactured using laser systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T05:19:38Z","timestamp":1576473578000},"page":"4203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Influences of Horizontal and Vertical Build Orientations and Post-Fabrication Processes on the Fatigue Behavior of Stainless Steel 316L Produced by Selective Laser Melting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, DE1 3HD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Libura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Mechanics, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew L.","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Mechanics, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, DE1 3HD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-4131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Serjouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, DE1 3HD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1179\/1743280411Y.0000000014","article-title":"Laser Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components: Materials, Processes and Mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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