{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:06:19Z","timestamp":1777525579884,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel halogen-free flame-retardant formulation was prepared and coated onto cotton fabrics. The structure of phosphorus compounds in the system was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results from the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses presented that the flame retardant was coated successfully onto a cotton surface. We investigated the thermal stability and fire-retardant behaviors of cotton fabrics using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the vertical flame test. We also discuss the mechanism of flame retardance of coated cotton fabrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1576835433000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Preparation of a Novel Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabric"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hung Kim","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Viet Nam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congtranh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Viet Nam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakelyn, P.J., Bertoniere, N.R., French, A.D., Thibodeaux, D.P., Triplett, B.A., Rousselle, M., Goynes, W.R., Edwards, J.V., Hunter, L., and McAlister, D.D. (2006). Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420015270.ch9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaan, S., Salimova, V., Rupper, P., Ritter, A., and Schmid, H. (2011). Flame Retardant Functional Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857092878.98"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2010.11.014","article-title":"Flame retardancy and thermal degradation of cotton textiles based on UV-curable flame retardant coatings","volume":"513","author":"Xing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.01.027","article-title":"Production of silicon compounds and fulvic acids from cotton wastes biochar using chemical depolymerization","volume":"67","author":"Placido","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.003","article-title":"Multifunctional, strongly hydrophobic and flame-retarded cotton fabrics modified with flame retardant agents and silicon compounds","volume":"128","author":"Przybylak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1106\/3MUH-XYDA-NW2D-474D","article-title":"Flame Behavior of Cotton Coated with Polyurethane Containing Microencapsulated Flame Retardant Agent","volume":"31","author":"Giraud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.016","article-title":"A novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant for the formaldehyde-free treatment of cotton fabrics","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2013.07.014","article-title":"Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Progr. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weil, E.D., and Levchik, S.V. (2015). Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG.","DOI":"10.3139\/9781569905791.fm"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.03.024","article-title":"Thermal stabilities and flame retardancies of nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardants based on bisphosphoramidate","volume":"93","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03218570","article-title":"Synthesis of a Novel Nitrogen-Phosphorus Flame Retardant Based on Phosphoramidate and Its Application to PC, PBT, EVA, and ABS","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.02.024","article-title":"Thermal stability and flame retardancy of novel phloroglucinol based organo phosphorus compound","volume":"95","author":"Hai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1021\/ie202468u","article-title":"Functionalization of Cotton with UV-Cured Flame Retardant Coatings","volume":"51","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.08.031","article-title":"Towards flame retardant cotton fabrics by atmospheric pressure plasma-induced graft polymerization: Synthesis and application of novel phosphoramidate monomers","volume":"209","author":"Edwards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.09.081","article-title":"Conferring flame retardancy on cotton using novel halogen-free flame retardant bifunctional monomers: Synthesis, characterizations and applications","volume":"92","author":"Cheema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.009","article-title":"Durable flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics with organosilic on functionalized cyclotriphosphazene","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.08.021","article-title":"Heat release properties and flammability of the nylon\/cotton blend fabric treated with a crosslinkable organophosphorus flame retardant system","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.003","article-title":"Synthesis of a formaldehyde-free phosphorus\u2013nitrogen flame retardant with multiple reactive groups and its application in cotton fabrics","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517516652349","article-title":"Flammability and thermal properties of cotton fabrics modified with a novel flame retardant containing triazine and phosphorus components","volume":"87","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmeia, K.A., Gaan, S., and Malucelli, G. (2016). Recent Advances for Flame Retardancy of Textiles Based on Phosphorus Chemistry. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8090319"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00863116","article-title":"Synthesis and properties of hydroxymethyl phosphonic and bishydroxymethylphosphinic acids","volume":"13","author":"Ivanov","year":"1964","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(1974). Testing of Textiles-Determination of the Burning Behaviour-Vertically Method, Ignition by Application of Flame to Base of Specimen, Beuth Verlag. DIN 53906:1974-02."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2006). Textiles-Tests for Colour Fastness-Part C10: Colour Fastness to Washing with Soap or Soda and Soda, International Organization for Standardization. IS\/ISO 105-C10:2006."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43783","DOI":"10.1002\/app.43783","article-title":"Microintumescent mechanism of flame-retardant water-based chitosan\u2013ammonium polyphosphate multilayer nanocoating on cotton fabric","volume":"133","author":"Jimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(97)00043-0","article-title":"Influence of flame retardants on the mechanism of pyrolysis of cotton (celluIose) fabrics in air","volume":"40","author":"Price","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15489","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA03087K","article-title":"FeCl Intercalated Few-Layer Graphene for High Lithium-Ion Storage Performance","volume":"3","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.017","article-title":"Thermal decomposition and burning behavior of cellulose treated with ethyl ester phosphoramidates: Effect of alkyl substituent on nitrogen atom","volume":"94","author":"Gaan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/1\/54\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:44:11Z","timestamp":1760190251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/1\/54"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13010054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13010054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]}}}