{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:06:14Z","timestamp":1788228374638,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel silver-citrate root canal irrigation solution (BioAKT) on smear layer removal, sealer penetration after root canal instrumentation and antibacterial activity. Single-root teeth were endodontically treated, sealed with an epoxi-amine resin sealer and irrigated using: Group I: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group II: silver-citrate solution (BioAKT); Group III: phosphate buffer solution (PBS); Group IV: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Smear layer removal and silver deposition at the coronal, middle and apical portion of each canal were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at coronal, middle and apical portion was assessed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy (CSM). Both SEM and CSM micrographs were evaluated by two examiners (\u03ba = 0.86), who were blind to the irrigation regimens; scores were given according to the degree of penetration of the sealer. Data analysis included Pearson\u2019s x2 and Sidak\u2019s multiple comparisons. Dentin discs were polished and sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown using a continuous-flow bioreactor under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Specimens were irrigated with the tested solutions, and bacterial viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Student\u2019s post-hoc t-test (p &lt; 0.05). BioAKT and EDTA were the most efficient solutions both in removing the smear layer and allowing sealer penetration. However, at the apical portion BioAKT performed significantly better compared to EDTA both in smear layer removal and sealer penetration (p &lt; 0.05). BioAKT and NaOCl showed comparable antibacterial effect (p = 0.53). In conclusion, BioAKT represents a suitable smear layer removal agent, which allows for reliable sealer penetration at the apical portion of the root canal system and offers significant antibacterial properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13010194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties and Smear Layer Removal\/Sealer Penetration of a Novel Silver-Citrate Root Canal Irrigant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Tonini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Brescia, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Giovarruscio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University of Moscow, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Gorni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Peri-Oral Aesthetics, School of Dentistry, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina Makeeva","family":"Mikhailovna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University of Moscow, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlinda","family":"Luzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera C\/Del Pozo s\/n, Alfara del Patriarca 46115 (Valencia), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Maciel Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera C\/Del Pozo s\/n, Alfara del Patriarca 46115 (Valencia), Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Sauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Sechenov University of Moscow, 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Departamento de Odontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera C\/Del Pozo s\/n, Alfara del Patriarca 46115 (Valencia), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2008.tb00354.x","article-title":"Sodium hypochlorite in endodontics: An update review","volume":"58","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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