{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:22:38Z","timestamp":1768407758676,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21905169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21905169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SnS2 as a high energy anode material has attracted extensive research interest recently. However, the fast capacity decay and low rate performance in alkaline-ion batteries associated with repeated volume variation and low electrical conductivity plague them from practical application. Herein, we propose a facile method to solve this problem by synthesizing porous SnS2 microflowers with in-situ formed sulfur vacancies. The flexible porous nanosheets in the three-dimensional flower-like nanostructure provide facile strain relaxation to avoid stress concentration during the volume changes. Rich sulfur vacancies and porous structure enable the fast and efficient electron transport. The porous SnS2\u2212x microflowers exhibit outstanding performance for lithium ion battery in terms of high capacity (1375 mAh g\u22121 at 100 mA g\u22121) and outstanding rate capability (827 mA h g\u22121 at high rate of 2 A g\u22121). For sodium ion battery, a high capacity (~522 mAh g\u22121) can be achieved at 5 A g\u22121 after 200 cycles for SnS2\u2212x microflowers. The rational design in nanostructures, as well as the chemical compositions, might create new opportunities in designing the new architecture for highly efficient energy storage devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T07:39:02Z","timestamp":1579246742000},"page":"443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sulfur-Deficient Porous SnS2\u2212x Microflowers as Superior Anode for Alkaline Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congli","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences &amp; Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangwang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"College of Sciences &amp; Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.09.020","article-title":"Efficient 3D printed pseudocapacitive electrodes with ultrahigh MnO2 loading","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-016-5163-4","article-title":"Cationic effect on the electrochemical characteristics of the hydrothermally grown manganese dioxide","volume":"46","author":"Vernardou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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