{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T21:48:33Z","timestamp":1762033713264,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article deals with the issue of salt content in brick buildings, which plays an important role in the assessment of the technical condition, in particular of historic buildings. A question has been asked about the selection of the best research method to determine the salinity of mineral materials. To obtain the answer, the authors conducted some tests on ceramic bricks salted with seven types of salt solutions. Research methods such as: spectrophotometry (UV), ion chromatography (High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were compared. The above methods belong to two groups: the first is based on aqueous extracts and allows the determination of water-soluble salts, and the second concerns testing directly on the sample so that insoluble salts can also be determined. The results tests indicate that the methods based on solid phases (XRF and EDS) give higher salinity values than those based on aqueous extracts (HPLC and UV). The results were also analysed with regard to the type of salt. Larger differences are observed for sulphate salts while chloride salts are characterised by smaller differences. On this basis, it is concluded that the salt content of the material is best assessed using tests that make it possible to recognise the salt in question and its quantity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Selection of Method of Chemical Analysis in Measuring the Salinity of Mineral Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Stryszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Wissenschaftlich-Technische Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Bauwerkserhaltung und Denkmalpflege e.V. -WTA-, M\u00fcnchen (1999). Beurteilung von Mauerwerk \u2013Manerwerksdiagnostik, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag. (In German).","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"Young, D. (2008). Salt Atack and Rising Damp. A Guide to Salt Damp in Historic and Older Buildings, Heritage Council of NSW.","key":"ref_2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2014.06.019","article-title":"Experimental investigation on bricks from historical Venetian buildings subjected to moisture and salt crystallization","volume":"45","author":"Foraboschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"unstructured":"Szmygin, B. (2010). Permanent ruin II. Problems of maintenance and adaptation. Protection, Conservationa and Adaptation of Historic Walls, Politechnika Lubelska.","key":"ref_4"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"244","article-title":"The share of water-soluble salts in the processes of destruction of historic stone buildings and conservation methods of limiting their operation","volume":"38","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ochrona Zabytk\u00f3w"},{"unstructured":"Fro\u0308ssel, F. (2007). Wall drainage and basement renovation. POLCEN Sp. z.o.o.","key":"ref_6"},{"unstructured":"(2017). Trockenlegung von feuchtem Mauerwerk Bauwerksdiag Nostik und Planungsgrundlagen; \u020c-norm B 3355, Austrian Standards.","key":"ref_7"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"111","article-title":"A review: Durability of fired clay brick masonry wall due to salt attack","volume":"1","author":"Bakar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effect of water solution of chloride salts on ceramic bricks drying","volume":"60","author":"Stryszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ochrona przed Korozj\u0105."},{"unstructured":"Piasta, W. (2018). External Sulphate Corrosion of Concrete, Kielce University of Technology.","key":"ref_10"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.094","article-title":"Gypsum efflorescence on clay brick masonry: Field survey and literatur\u0119 study","volume":"85","author":"Chwast","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.210","article-title":"The impact of salt pore clogging on the hygric properties of bricks","volume":"164","author":"Todorovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2017.41","article-title":"Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests","volume":"2","author":"Flatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahidzadeh-Bonn, N., Desarnaud, J., Bertrand, F., Chateau, X., and Bonn, D. (2010). Damage in porous media due to salt crystallization. Phys. Rev. E, 81.","key":"ref_14","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.81.066110"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.06.194","article-title":"The effects of salt crystallization in ceramic bricks in terms of line deformations","volume":"193","author":"Stryszewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho\u0142a, A., and Sadowski, \u0141. (2019). A method of the neural identification of the moisture content in brick walls of historic buildings on the basis of non-destructive tests. Autom. Constr., 106.","key":"ref_16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102850"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.164","article-title":"Effects of rising damp and salt crystallization cycles in FRCM-masonry interfacial debonding: Towards an accelerated laboratory test method","volume":"175","author":"Franzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stryszewska, T. (2016, January 26\u201330). Influence of nitrates salts on chosen properties of ceramic brick. Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Padova, Italy.","key":"ref_18","DOI":"10.1201\/b21889-69"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2004.05.042","article-title":"Study and characterization of the ancient bricks of monastery of San Filippo di Fragal\u00e0 in Frazzan\u00f2 (Sicily)","volume":"519","author":"Cardiano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"unstructured":"Szczepaniak, W. (2002). Instrumental methods in chemical analysis, PWN.","key":"ref_20"},{"unstructured":"B\u0105k, J., Kr\u00f3likowska, J., Wassilkowska, A., and \u017baba, T. (June, January 29). Electron microscopy assessment of the chemical composition of sediments from water supply pipes. Proceedings of the Fifth National Congress of Environmental Engineering, Lublin, Poland.","key":"ref_21"},{"unstructured":"Morshed, A.Z., Uddin, S.M.W., Islam, M.R., and Linda, A.A. (2016, January 14\u201316). Study on salinity content of bricks and sands in khulna region. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development, (ICCESD 2016), Khulna, Bangladesh.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.066","article-title":"The change in selected properties of ceramic materials obtained from ceramic brick treated by the sulphate and chloride ions","volume":"66","author":"Stryszewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"unstructured":"W\u0119glewski, W. (2008). Modeling of concrete damage caused by sulphate corrosion. [PhD Thesis, Polish Academy of Sciences].","key":"ref_24"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matysek, P., Stryszewska, T., Ka\u0144ka, S., and Witkowski, M. (2016). The influence of water saturation on mechanical properties of ceramic bricks \u2013 tests on 19th-century and contemporary bricks. Mater. Constr., 66.","key":"ref_25","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2016.07315"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1959.tb13577.x","article-title":"Moisture expansion of clay products","volume":"42","author":"Young","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.045","article-title":"A coupled multi phase model for hygrotherm alanalysis of masonry structures and prediction of stress induced by salt crystallization","volume":"41","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidov, T.A., Pel, L., and Kopinga, K. (2017). Sodium sulfate salt weathering of porous building material studied by NMR. Mater. Struct., 50.","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-017-1007-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-010-0774-1","article-title":"Can drying and re-wetting of magnesium sulfate salts lead to damage of stone?","volume":"63","author":"Balboni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.11.161","article-title":"Moisture transport in salt free and salt contaminated ceramic bricks","volume":"78","author":"Koronthalyovaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/3\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:30:24Z","timestamp":1760362224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/3\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13030559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13030559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]}}}