{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:50:59Z","timestamp":1760205059196,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single-port laparoscopic surgery (SLS), which utilizes one major incision, can deliver favorable cosmetic outcomes with fewer patient hospitalization stays and less postoperative pain. However, current SLS instruments, which are rigid and slender, have been suffering from several drawbacks, including their inability to provide the optimum articulation required to complete certain SLS tasks. This paper reports on the development of a lightweight smart hydraulic actuation system that is proposed to be embedded at selected joints along current SLS instruments, in order to enhance their adaptability with a higher level of stiffness and degrees-of-freedom. The developed smart actuation system utilizes both conventional hydraulic and magnetorheological (MR) fluid actuation technologies. Electromagnetic finite element analyses were conducted to design the electromagnetic circuit of the smart actuator. A prototype of the developed actuation system was manufactured, and its performance was assessed using a dedicated experimental arrangement, which was found to agree well with the results obtained using a Bingham plastic theoretical model. Finally, the present design of the developed smart actuation system permits an angulation of about 90\u00b0 and a maximum force output in excess of 100 N, generated under a magnetic excitation of about 1.2 Tesla, which should be sufficient to resist torques of up to 500 mNm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13061380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T07:29:07Z","timestamp":1584689347000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Hydraulic Actuation System Utilizing Magnetorheological Fluids for Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ali K.","family":"El Wahed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-011-2129-8","article-title":"Pre-bent instruments used in single-port laparoscopic surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery: Comparative study of performance in a dry lab","volume":"26","author":"Miernik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg. 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