{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:46:28Z","timestamp":1792086388151,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2\/269760\/1\/NCBR\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/269760\/1\/NCBR\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of bioresorbable polymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in coronary stents can hypothetically reduce the risk of complications (e.g., restenosis, thrombosis) after percutaneous coronary intervention. However, there is a need for a constitutive modeling strategy that combines the simplicity of implementation with strain rate dependency. Here, a constitutive modeling methodology for PLGA comprising numerical simulation using a finite element method is presented. First, the methodology and results of PLGA experimental tests are presented, with a focus on tension tests of tubular-type specimens with different strain rates. Subsequently, the constitutive modeling methodology is proposed and described. Material model constants are determined based on the results of the experimental tests. Finally, the developed methodology is validated by experimental and numerical comparisons of stent free compression tests with various compression speeds. The validation results show acceptable correlation in terms of both quality and quantity. The proposed and validated constitutive modeling approach for the bioresorbable polymer provides a useful tool for the design and evaluation of bioresorbable stents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13082003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1587728534000},"page":"2003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Experimental Tests, FEM Constitutive Modeling and Validation of PLGA Bioresorbable Polymer for Stent Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jakub","family":"Bukala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr P.","family":"Buszman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development American Heart of Poland, Czajek 41, 40-534 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Andrzej Frycz-Modrzewski Krak\u00f3w University, Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzi\u0144skiego 1, 30-705 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Ma\u0142achowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Mazurkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3362-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Sybilski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mendis, S. (2011). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1278368","article-title":"A comparative study of restenosis rates in bare metal and drug-eluting stents","volume":"2","author":"Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stenty w chirurgii ma\u0142oinwazyjnej","volume":"103","author":"Marciniak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gliwice Wydaw. Politechniki \u015al\u0105skiej"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-008-0456-x","article-title":"Materials for Metallic Stents","volume":"2","author":"Hanawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.11.5","article-title":"Current and future drug-eluting coronary stent technology","volume":"9","author":"Ielasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.007","article-title":"Coronary Stents: Current Status","volume":"56","author":"Garg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"255","article-title":"Bioabsorbable Coronary Stents","volume":"3","author":"Ormiston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contemp. Rev. Interv. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq175","article-title":"The fate of bioresorbable struts located at a side branch ostium: Serial three-dimensional optical coherence tomography assessment","volume":"31","author":"Okamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Eswaran, S.K., Kelley, A.J., Bergstrom, J.S., and Giddings, V.L. (2011). Material Modeling of Polylactide. SIMULIA Customer Conference, Dassault Systemes, Resource Center."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"131","article-title":"In vitro hemocompatibility studies of (poly(L-lactide) and poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) as materials for bioresorbable stents manufacture","volume":"16","author":"Szymonowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.09.014","article-title":"Computational analysis of the radial mechanical performance of PLLA coronary artery stents","volume":"37","author":"Pauck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/10255841003766845","article-title":"Computational structural modeling of coronary stent deployment: A review","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11012-012-9626-2","article-title":"Mechanical, rheological, fatigue, and degradation behavior of PLLA, PGLA and PDGLA as materials for vascular implants","volume":"48","author":"Filipiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meccanica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrzejewska, A. (2019). One Year Evaluation of Material Properties Changes of Polylactide Parts in Various Hydrolytic Degradation Conditions. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11091496"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2013.08.005","article-title":"Fabrication of a polymer-based biodegradable stent using a CO2 laser","volume":"14","author":"Filipiak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00033-7","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of coronary stents investigated through the finite element method","volume":"35","author":"Migliavacca","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3173","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3173","article-title":"The influence of the nylon balloon stiffness on the efficiency of the intra-aortic balloon occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Gajewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.050","article-title":"Simulation of a balloon expandable stent in a realistic coronary artery\u2014determination of the optimum modelling strategy","volume":"43","author":"Zahedmanesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.20517\/2574-1209.2018.13","article-title":"Research into biodegradable polymeric stents: A review of experimental and modelling work","volume":"2","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vessel Plus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.03.024","article-title":"A finite element strategy to investigate the free expansion behaviour of a biodegradable polymeric stent","volume":"48","author":"Debusschere","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Schiavone, A. (2015). Computational Modelling of Stent Deployment and Mechanical Performance Inside Human Atherosclerotic Arteries, Loughborough University."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, X., Wei, Y., Liu, T., Gu, J., Li, Z., Wang, M., Zhao, D., Qiao, A., and Liu, Y. (2017). Multi-Objective Optimizations of Biodegradable Polymer Stent Structure and Stent Microinjection Molding Process. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9010020"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.20517\/2574-1209.2016.03","article-title":"Crimping and deployment of metallic and polymeric stents--finite element modelling","volume":"1","author":"Schiavone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vessel Plus"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"173","article-title":"Corrosion resistance of PLGA-coated biomaterials","volume":"19","author":"Szewczenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.06.051","article-title":"Multidrug PLA-PEG filomicelles for concurrent delivery of anticancer drugs -The influence of drug-drug to drug-polymer interactions on drug loading and release properties","volume":"510","author":"Jelonek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.005","article-title":"Degradation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and its composites with carbon fibres and hydroxyapatite in rabbit femoral bone","volume":"96","author":"Jaworska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2890","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2890","article-title":"Numerical analysis of crimping and inflation process of balloon-expandable coronary stent using implicit solution","volume":"33","author":"Bukala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Livermore Software Technology Corporation (2014). LS-DYNA\u00ae Theory Manual. Livermore LSTC, 1\u2013811."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zienkiewicz, O.C. (1972). Metoda Element\u00f3w Sko\u0144czonych, Arkady."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Buyuk, M. (2014). Development of a New Metal Material Model in LS-DYNA Part 2: Development of A Tabulated Thermo-Viscoplastic Material Model with Regularized Failure for Dynamic Ductile Failure Prediction of Structures Under Impact Loading, Report no. DOT\/FAA\/TC-13\/25, Federal Aviation Administration William. J. Hughes Tech. Center, 1\u2013669."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Zheng, J., and Zhu, X. (2018, January 10\u201312). Recent Improvements in LS-Dyna Metal Forming Material Models. Proceedings of the 15th International LS-DYNA Conference, Dearborn, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Belytschko, T., Liu, W.K., and Moran, B. (2000). Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Logan, D.L. (2002). A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Wadsworth Group. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Livermore Software Technology Corporation (2014). LS-DYNA\u00ae Keyword User\u2019s Manual, Volume II: Material Models, Livermore Software Technology Corporation."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2015.10.009","article-title":"Numerical analysis of stent expansion process in coronary artery stenosis with the use of non-compliant balloon","volume":"36","author":"Bukala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.796.333","article-title":"Surface Characterization of Poly(DL-Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) Membranes Fabricated by the Various Methods for Biomedical Applications","volume":"796","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/8\/2003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:23:42Z","timestamp":1760361822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/8\/2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13082003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13082003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]}}}