{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:29:28Z","timestamp":1790436568597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim is to evaluate changes in the volume of the upper airways before and after slow maxillary expansion (SME) obtained with the flexible properties of a nickel titanium leaf spring and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with a conventional Hyrax appliance in growing patients. The records of 1200 orthodontic patients undergoing maxillary expansion from 2018 to 2019 were analyzed; among these pre and post treatment CBCT scans of 22 patients (mean age 8.2 \u00b1 0.6 years old) treated by SME were compared with those obtained from 22 patients (mean age 8.1 \u00b1 0.7 years old) treated by RME banded on the second primary molars. The following inclusion criteria were used: Maxillary transverse constriction, good general health, and no previous orthodontic treatment. Volumes of nasal cavity (NCavV), nasopharynx (NsPxV), and right and left maxillary sinuses (MSV) were calculated with ITK-SNAP. Shapiro\u2013Wilk test revealed a normal distribution of data in each group. Paired t-test was used for within-group comparisons and independent t-test for between-group comparisons. Statistically significant increases occurred in NCavV, NsPxV, and MSVs after treatment with both appliances. No statistically significant difference between the appliances occurred in NCavV, NsPxV, and MSVs. Method error was considered negligible (mean intra-operator and inter-operator intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.928 and 0.911, respectively). It appears that both appliances produce similar effects on the different segments of the upper airway tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T02:55:41Z","timestamp":1589424941000},"page":"2239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Volumetric Changes in the Upper Airways after Rapid and Slow Maxillary Expansion in Growing Patients: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2191-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Farronato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2062-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ugolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences Integrated Surgical and Diagnostic, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6442-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianguido","family":"Cossellu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2132-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gaffuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Maria Rita","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8573-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Cavagnetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Maspero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.12.020","article-title":"Nasal cavity volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion in adolescents evaluated with 3-dimensional simulation and modeling programs","volume":"140","author":"Gokce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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