{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:55:44Z","timestamp":1785308144741,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metallic foams find their applicability in complex systems that operate under both real-life conditions (Earth living conditions) and extreme temperature conditions (low or high temperatures). In this paper, the main mechanical properties of closed-cell aluminum alloy (A356) foams under quasi-static compression loading conditions were determined. In order to investigate the compressive behavior, three orthogonal directions (X, Y, and Z) and three testing temperatures (\u2212196, 25 and 250 \u00b0C) were considered. It has been observed that the temperature significantly influences the strength properties and energy absorption performances of the aluminum metallic foams AMFs. Moreover, it was found that microstructural characteristics, such as intrinsic defects (intracellular cavities, micro-pores and thin cell-walls) and structural anisotropy (shape, size and orientation of cells), play a decisive role in the mechanical behavior of AMFs. Moreover, the paper compares the relative percentage change (relative percentage increase and decrease) of the main normalized compressive properties (yield stress, plateau stress, densification stress and the energy absorption) of AMF samples, according to testing temperature and loading direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T02:48:24Z","timestamp":1589942904000},"page":"2329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Anisotropic Compressive Behavior of Metallic Foams under Extreme Temperature Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Omid","family":"Khezrzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Mirzaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Emadoddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 35131-19111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9090-8917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanoil","family":"Linul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Avenue, 300 222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.F., and Wang, Y.Q. (2019). Size-Dependent Free Vibration and Buckling of Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Microshells Based on Modified Couple Stress Theory. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12050729"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.10.160","article-title":"Crashworthiness performance and microstructural characteristics of foam-filled thin-walled tubes under diverse strain rate","volume":"775","author":"Rajak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novak, N., Vesenjak, M., Duarte, I., Tanaka, S., Hokamoto, K., Krstulovi\u0107-Opara, L., Guo, B., Chen, P., and Ren, Z. (2019). Compressive Behaviour of Closed-Cell Aluminium Foam at Different Strain Rates. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244108"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3221\/IGF-ESIS.36.06","article-title":"Scaling of compression strength in disordered solids: Metallic foams","volume":"10","author":"Jerz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frattura ed Integrit\u00e0 Strutturale"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.10.061","article-title":"Fatigue properties of ceramic hollow sphere filled aluminium matrix syntactic foams","volume":"679","author":"Katona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, C., Liang, C., He, Z., and Ji, W. (2019). Effect of Layer Thickness in Layered Aluminum Matrix Syntactic Foam. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244172"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.06.011","article-title":"Compressive behaviour of aluminium matrix syntactic foams reinforced by iron hollow spheres","volume":"83","author":"Szlancsik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovacik, J., Marsavina, L., and Linul, E. (2018). Poisson\u2019s Ratio of Closed-Cell Aluminium Foams. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11101904"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2016.02.102","article-title":"Monitoring the failure mechanisms in metal matrix syntactic foams during compression by acoustic emission","volume":"173","author":"Orbulov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, K.-B., Kim, H.-T., Her, N.-Y., and Lee, J.-M. (2019). Variation of Mechanical Characteristics of Polyurethane Foam: Effect of Test Method. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12172672"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashby, M.F., Evans, A., Fleck, N.A., Gibson, L.J., Hutchinson, J.W., and Wadley, H.N.G. (2000). Metal Foams a Design Guide, Butter worth Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1421119"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"736","article-title":"Prediction of fracture toughness for open cell polyurethane foams by finite element micromechanical analysis","volume":"20","author":"Linul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. Poly. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.09.018","article-title":"Quasi-static and high strain rate response of aluminum matrix syntactic foams under compression","volume":"79","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, V., Zivic, F., Grujovic, N., Babcsan, N., and Babcsan, J. (2019). Numerical Modeling and Experimental Behavior of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam Fabricated by the Gas Blowing Method under Compressive Loading. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12101582"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linul, E., Movahedi, N., and Marsavina, L. (2018). On the Lateral Compressive Behavior of Empty and Ex-Situ Aluminum Foam-Filled Tubes at High Temperature. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11040554"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2003.10.021","article-title":"Variability in mechanical properties of a metal foam","volume":"52","author":"Ramamurty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.007","article-title":"Dynamic crushing of 2D cellular structures: A finite element study","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.01.017","article-title":"Geometry anisotropy and mechanical property isotropy in titanium foam fabricated by replica impregnation method","volume":"655","author":"Manonukul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commatsci.2015.07.038","article-title":"On the mechanical anisotropy of the compressive properties of aluminium perlite syntactic foam","volume":"109","author":"Sulong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.05.073","article-title":"Reproducibility of aluminum foam properties: Effect of precursor distribution on the structural anisotropy and the collapse stress and its dispersion","volume":"527","author":"Nosko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.02.010","article-title":"Analysis of anisotropy and strain rate sensitivity of open-cell metal foam","volume":"541","author":"Vesenjak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2009.09.044","article-title":"Effect of cell shape anisotropy on the compressive behavior of closed-cell aluminum foams","volume":"31","author":"Mu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(00)01418-0","article-title":"Anisotropy and strain localization in steel foam","volume":"299","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.11.006","article-title":"Cryogenic and high temperature compressive properties of Metal Foam Matrix Composites","volume":"209","author":"Linul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.10.006","article-title":"Compressive behavior of cenosphere\/epoxy syntactic foams in arctic conditions","volume":"135","author":"Shahapurkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B: Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152181","article-title":"Mechanical properties of A356 and ZA27 metallic syntactic foams at cryogenic temperature","volume":"813","author":"Fiedler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.08.034","article-title":"The temperature effect on the axial quasi-static compressive behavior of ex-situ aluminum foam-filled tubes","volume":"180","author":"Linul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"429","article-title":"High-temperature compression of closed cell aluminium foams","volume":"54","author":"Kovacik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.018","article-title":"Quasi-static compressive behavior of the ex-situ aluminum-alloy foam-filled tubes under elevated temperature conditions","volume":"206","author":"Movahedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.12.083","article-title":"The mechanical properties of expanded perlite-aluminium syntactic foam at elevated temperatures","volume":"737","author":"Taherishargh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-017-3098-4","article-title":"The Temperature Effect on the Compressive Behavior of Closed-Cell Aluminum-Alloy Foams","volume":"27","author":"Movahedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2011). ISO13314 Mechanical Testing of Metals\u2014Ductility Testing\u2014Compression Test for Porous and Cellular Metals, ISO."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"361","article-title":"Dynamic and quasi-static compression tests of closed-cell aluminium alloy foams","volume":"18","author":"Linul","year":"2017","journal-title":"P. Romanian Acad. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luong, D., Lehmhus, D., Gupta, N., Weise, J., and Bayoumi, M. (2016). Structure and Compressive Properties of Invar-Cenosphere Syntactic Foams. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9020115"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Q., Zhao, Y., Dong, A., and Li, Y. (2018). Preparation and Properties of C\/C Hollow Spheres and the Energy Absorption Capacity of the Corresponding Aluminum Syntactic Foams. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11060997"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.01.078","article-title":"Mechanical properties of Light Expanded Clay Aggregated (LECA) filled tubes","volume":"217","author":"Movahedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Movahedi, N., Murch, G.E., Belova, I.V., and Fiedler, T. (2019). Effect of Heat Treatment on the Compressive Behavior of Zinc Alloy ZA27 Syntactic Foam. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12050792"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Zhu, K., Xu, Y., Han, B., and Jing, T. (2019). Early Compressive Deformation of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam Based on a Three-Dimensional Realistic Structure. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12111792"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Movahedi, N., Taherishargh, M., Belova, I.V., Murch, G.E., and Fiedler, T. (2018). Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of an AZ91\u2013Activated Carbon Syntactic Foam. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12010003"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szlancsik, A., Katona, B., Kem\u00e9ny, A., and K\u00e1roly, D. (2019). On the Filler Materials of Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12122023"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajak, D.K., Pagar, D.D., Menezes, P.L., and Linul, E. (2019). Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications. Polym., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101667"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e1d\u00e1r, C., Chmel\u00edk, F., Ugi, D., M\u00e1this, K., and Knapek, M. (2019). Damage Characterization during Compression in a Perlite-Aluminum Syntactic Foam. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203342"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.601.246","article-title":"Energy - Absorption and Efficiency Diagrams of Rigid PUR Foams","volume":"601","author":"Linul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Hu, S., and Fan, Z. (2018). Anisotropic Compressive Behavior of Functionally Density Graded Aluminum Foam Prepared by Controlled Melt Foaming Process. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122470"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.11.073","article-title":"Effect of plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment on corrosion behavior of closed-cell Al-A356 alloy foam","volume":"164","author":"Movahedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-014-4021-2","article-title":"Effect of foaming temperature on the mechanical properties of produced closed-cell A356Aluminum foams with melting method","volume":"20","author":"Movahedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11223-016-9783-y","article-title":"Comparison of the Energy Absorption of Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam Produced by Various Foaming Agents","volume":"48","author":"Movahedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Strength Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedler, T., Movahedi, N., York, L., and Broxtermann, S. (2020). Functionally-Graded Metallic Syntactic Foams Produced via Particle Pre-Compaction. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10030314"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.12.019","article-title":"Compressive properties of zinc syntactic foams at elevated temperatures","volume":"167","author":"Linul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/10\/2329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:30:27Z","timestamp":1760175027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/13\/10\/2329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma13102329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13102329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]}}}