{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:50:39Z","timestamp":1777575039019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface treatments are considered as a good alternative to increase biocompatibility and the lifetime of Ti-based alloys used for implants in the human body. The present research reports the comparison of bare and modified Ti6Al4V substrates on hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance properties in body fluid environment at 37 \u00b0C. Several surface treatments were conducted separately to obtain either a porous oxide layer using nanostructuration (N) in ethylene glycol containing fluoride solution, or bulk oxide thin films through heat treatment at 450 \u00b0C for 3 h (HT), or electrochemical oxidation at 1 V for 3 h (EO), as well as combined treatments (N-HT and N-EO). In-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ transmission electron microscopy have shown that heat treatment gave first rise to the formation of a 30 nm thick amorphous layer which crystallized in rutile around 620 \u00b0C. Electrochemical oxidations gave rise to a 10 nm thick amorphous film on the top of the surface (EO) or below the amorphous nanotube layer (N-EO). Dual treated samples presented similar results with a more stable behavior for N-EO. Finally, for both corrosion and hydrophilicity points of view, the new combined treatment to get a total amorphous N-EO sample seems to be the best and even better than the partially crystallized N-HT sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T04:09:03Z","timestamp":1591070943000},"page":"2479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dual Electrochemical Treatments to Improve Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7214-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Volgare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Mat\u00e9riaux Divis\u00e9s, Rev\u00eatements, \u00c9lectroc\u00e9ramiques (MADIREL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR 7246, 13013 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Perrin-Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"l\u2019Institut Mat\u00e9riaux Micro\u00e9lectronique Nanoscience de Provence (IM2NP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR 7334, 13013 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Chassigneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mat\u00e9riaux Divis\u00e9s, Rev\u00eatements, \u00c9lectroc\u00e9ramiques (MADIREL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR 7246, 13013 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Dousset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR 7287, 13013 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2704-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielle","family":"Eyraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mat\u00e9riaux Divis\u00e9s, Rev\u00eatements, \u00c9lectroc\u00e9ramiques (MADIREL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, UMR 7246, 13013 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Beta Titanium Alloys","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Leyens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Titan and Titan Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.10.056","article-title":"Thermally oxidized titania nanotubes enhance the corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V","volume":"59","author":"Grotberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. 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