{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1760237587693,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Collaborative Programme - SATU Joint Research Scheme; Impact-Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant; BOLD2025 Grant","award":["ST012-2019; IIRG018A-2019; 10436494\/B\/2019097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST012-2019; IIRG018A-2019; 10436494\/B\/2019097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this present work, we report the deposition of cadmium selenide (CdSe) particles on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube thin films, using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at low deposition temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 \u00b0C. The deposition temperature had an influence on the overall CdSe\u2013TiO2 nanotube thin film morphologies, chemical composition, phase transition, and optical properties, which, in turn, influenced the photoelectrochemical performance of the samples that were investigated. All samples showed the presence of CdSe particles in the TiO2 nanotube thin film lattice structures with the cubic phase CdSe compound. The amount of CdSe loading on the TiO2 nanotube thin films were increased and tended to form agglomerates as a function of deposition temperature. Interestingly, a significant enhancement in photocurrent density was observed for the CdSe\u2013TiO2 nanotube thin films deposited at 20 \u00b0C with a photocurrent density of 1.70 mA cm\u22122, which was 17% higher than the bare TiO2 nanotube thin films. This sample showed a clear surface morphology without any clogged nanotubes, leading to better ion diffusion, and, thus, an enhanced photocurrent density. Despite having the least CdSe loading on the TiO2 nanotube thin films, the CdSe\u2013TiO2 nanotube thin films deposited at 20 \u00b0C showed the highest photocurrent density, which confirmed that a small amount of CdSe is enough to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance of the sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13112533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T04:36:09Z","timestamp":1591245369000},"page":"2533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of Temperature Reaction for the CdSe\u2013TiO2 Nanotube Thin Film Formation via Chemical Bath Deposition in Improving the Photoelectrochemical Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin Wei","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Level 3, Block A, Nanotechnology &amp; Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurul Asma","family":"Samsudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The Energy University), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2551-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foo Wah","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The Energy University), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Azimah","family":"Abd Samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Level 3, Block A, Nanotechnology &amp; Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kung Shiuh","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Level 3, Block A, Nanotechnology &amp; Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pui May","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Built Environment Engineering, Technology &amp; Design, Taylor\u2019s Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sieh Kiong","family":"Tiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The Energy University), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3250-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nowshad","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The Energy University), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (National University of Malaysia), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2019.110588","article-title":"Tactical modification of pseudo-SILAR process for enhanced quantum-dot deposition on TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles for solar energy applications","volume":"120","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. 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